NYMPHALINAE: THE TRIBE ARGYNNIDI. 503 



beneath with four rows of spines; fore tarsi of tlie female usually consisting of five 

 joints and generally furnished with spines as well as spurs, the last joint unarmed. 



Abdomen Avith all the terminal parts largely developed, so that the sexes are readily 

 distinguishable by their means, without denudation. Upper organ and clasps of 

 about tlie same size, the former large and stout at the base, bearing only a single 

 strongly compressed, downward curved, median, posterior hook. Clasps large and 

 broad, longitudinally extended, tapering only near the tip, the upper process emitted 

 from near tlie middle of tlie upper margin, and extending parallel to and often par- 

 tially covering the extremity of the clasps ; it is supported on the interior surface of 

 tlie clasp by a ridge which connects its base with the lower base of the clasp, often ser- 

 rated, and then resembling an interior linger; the extreme tip of the clasp generally 

 recurved broadly. 



Secondary sexual characteristics. In many cases tlie branches of the median 

 vein of the fore wing arise from the main stem earlier in the $ than in the $ , as 

 Reakirt first noticed ; so in some the vein closing the cell of the hind wing strikes the 

 median vein further out in the J than in the $ ; a row of special hairs is found near 

 the base of the hind wings in some; and finally androconia are present clustered along 

 the veins, particularly the median veins in the outer half of the upper surface of the 

 fore wings ; they are always present in all the species of a genus or they are always 

 absent, and are long ribbon-shaped scales, black at base, pellucid l)eyond, with a lancet- 

 shaped fringed apex. 



Egg. Sugar-loaf shaped; flat beneath, more or less rounded above, with numerous 

 prominent, longitudinal ribs, diminishing in number toward the summit and crossed by 

 rather conspicuous cross lines. 



Caterpillar at birth. AVarts of the body inconspicuous, similarly arranged on 

 thoracic and abdominal segments, and equal; hairs exceedingly long, spiculiferous, 

 tapering, but enlarged at the extremity. 



Mature caterpillar. Head not much smaller than the body and not tumid above. 

 Body nearly equal ; segments divided by transverse creases into a larger anterior and 

 one or two smaller posterior sections; spines almost fleshy, conical, with sessile, 

 nearly horizontal needles ; and arranged in two rows on nearly all the segments on 

 either side of the body, above the spiracles, besides those beneath them; no medio- 

 dorsal row; first thoracic segment without papillae anteriorly, but the upper pair of 

 spines usually longer than any others on the body. 



Chrysalis. Head projecting beyond and distinct from the thorax. Superior 

 border of the wings with a secondary tubercle as in Vannessidi; dorsum of metatho- 

 rax pretty regularly rounded, carinate, but slightly the more elevated beyond the mid- 

 dle. Dorsum of abdomen not carinate, but with a mediodorsal row of small and a 

 laterodorsal row of large, sharp, conical tubercles, those of the third segment larger 

 tlian the others ; ci'emaster short. 



Grsneral characteristics. This group is composed of butterflies 

 varying from a little below to somewhat above the medium size ; their 

 Avings, rounded and generally rather elongated, are fulvous and on the 

 upper surface bordered and curiously tessellated in black ; beneath, upon 

 the hind wings the fulvous tints are sometimes disguised or supplanted by 

 reddish or greenish hues and they are often beautifully marked with nacre- 

 ous or silvery spots in transverse curving rows ; similar spots occur at the 

 apex of the fore wings. The males are often furnished with androconia 

 which cluster along the veins of the outer half of the front wing above, 

 and are concealed by large cover scales giving the veins a thickened 

 appearance which some entomologists, who do not trouble themselves to 



