534 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



the temperate zones, are certainly tawny and black or brown ; the latter, 

 marorinal. This is the case with the male of T. brcttus, while the female 

 diverges from the type in becoming wholly brown. In Jasoniades glaucus, 

 where we sometimes have a black female, it is more difficult to decide what 

 should be considered the normal color, owing to diversity of view upon the 

 relationship of many of the swallow-tails ; but, to judge only from those 

 agreed by all to be most nearly allied to it, there can be no question what- 

 ever that the striped character prevails. 



It will also be noticed, in this last case and others given, that wherever 

 partial antigeny or dimorphism is confined to one sex, it is nearly always 

 to the female ; Cyaniris seems to furnish our only exception to this rule. 

 In these instances, on my hypothesis, half of the females depart from the 

 type; on Darwin's, half of the females, and all of the males. But if, on 

 Darwin's theory, sometimes one-half, and sometimes three-quarters of a 

 species has diverged from the tyjje, why does it so rarely happen that only 

 one-fourth of the species diverges ? 



The instances given by Darwin, which strongly sustain his view, are 

 drawn from specimens of the South American genus Epicalia, found in 

 the rich cabinet of Mr. Bates. The facts, as stated by him, are these : 

 There are twelve species of the genus discussed by him;* of these, nine 

 have gaudy males and plain females ; one has plain male and plain female ; 

 and two have gaudy males and gaudy females. The plain females, he 

 adds, "resexnble each other in their general type of coloration, and likewise 

 resemble both sexes in several allied genera, found in various parts of the 

 world." To examine this case fairly would need a large collection of 

 exotic butterflies. If we confine ourselves to Epicalia, we evidently cannot 

 say whether the gaudy or the plain coloring be normal ; there would be 

 less variation from the standard on the supposition that the gaudy were 

 the normal type, and in this case it is the female which has departed from 

 the type ; but the diflPerence is not enough to form an objection. It is 

 only when we look outside of Epicalia that judgment seems to lean toward 

 Darwin's side ; but, from the unfortunate want of material, I cannot fairly 

 discuss this point. 



Take, however, another case, which appears to be equally complicated, 

 — our native coppers (Chrysophanidi). We have one species in which 

 both sexes are fiery red marked with black ; another where both are ful- 

 vous marked with black ; others where both sexes are brown ; and several 

 where the male is brown, marked with fulvous, and the female fulvous, 

 marked with brown ; others where the male is wholly brown, and the 

 female fulvous, spotted with brown ; and again others with fiery male, 

 and brown female. We have nearly every possible variation, but the 

 prevalent feature is a dark male, often with more or less metallic reflec- 



* Kirby, in bis hist general catalogue, gives fifteen. 



