NYMPHALINAE: SPEYEKIA IDALIA. 535 



turns, wliicli sometimcB increase so as to give the insect a fiery copper hue ; 

 and a fulvous, spotted, and margined female. I do not see how we can 

 possibly discover, witli any certainty, from within the limits of the group 

 of coppers, what should he considered the normal type. Nor are we 

 much better off in an examination outside the group ; there the prevailing 

 tint is either broAvn or blue ; and I am inclined to think that brown, tend- 

 ing strongly to copper, should be considered the normal type ; in which 

 case the males are normal, and the species generally antigenic. 



Sexual dimorphism is, however, by no means confined to color or pat- 

 tern ; there is also structural, as well as colorational, antigeny ; but as we 

 have already prolonged the present discussion to a sufficient length, we will 

 reserve its further consideration to a future page, when we will treat sepa- 

 rately of several characteristic differences between the sexes which are of 

 considerable interest. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



Keferstein, A. Eiiilge bemerkungeu iiber die gescblectsvcrschicdenheit iler scbmetterliuge. 

 (Stettin, ent. zeit., xiv) 1853. 



Danviii, C. Descent of Man. Chap. xi. London, 1871. 



Miiller, Fr. Ueber haarpinsel, tilzflecke nnd ahnlifhe gebikle auf den lliigein mannlicher 

 schmcttciiinge. (Jena, zeitsehr., xi) 1876. 



Scudder, S. H. Antigeny; or sexual dimorphism in butterflies. (Proc. amer. acad.. xii). 

 Boston, 1877. 



Miiller. Fr. As maculas sexuas dos individuos masculinos das especies Danais erippuse. 

 D. gilippus. (Arch. inus. nac. Rio, iii) 1877. 



Miiller, Fr. Epicalia acontius : ein ungieiches ehepaar. (Kosmos, iv) Leipzig, 1879. 



Meldola, R. Butterilies with dissimilar sexes. (Nature, xix) London, 1879. 



Aurivillius, C. Ueber sekund.are gesc hlectscharaktere nordischer tagfalter. (Bih. svensk. 

 vet. akad. handl., v) Stockholm, ISSO. 



Scudder, S. H. Butterflies. Chap. x. New York, 1881. 



SPEYERIA IDALIA.— The regal fritillary. 



[Idalia butterfly (Harris); regal fritillary (Scudder); regal silver-spotted butterfly (May- 

 nard); regal silver-wing (Maynard) ; ideal argynne (Emmons).] 



Xymph.i)hal. idalia Drury,l\\. nat. hist., 355 (18.57);— Harr.. Ins. iuj, veg., 3ded.,285, 



i: 25, pi. 13, figs. 1-3 (1770). fig. 110 (18(i2) ;— Morr., Syn. Lep. N. Amer., 



Papilio idalia Fabr., Syst. eutom., 510 41-42 (18(52) ; —Edw., Can. ent., xi: 217-219 



(1775);— Cram., Pap. exot., i : 69-70, tab. 44, (1879) ; —French, Rep. ins. 111., vii: 149-150 



figs. D.E. E.G. (1779);— Panz.,Drur.abbild., (1881); Butt. east. U. S., 150-153 (1886); — 



58-59, pi. 13, figs. 1-3 (1785);— Herbst, Natur- Middl., Rep. ins. 111., vii: 81 (1881);— Coq., 



syst. ins. schmett., ix: 166-168, pi. 252, figs. 3-4, ibid., 162 (1881) ; —Fern., Butt. Me., 38-39, 



pi. 2.53, figs. 1-2 (1798). (18&1);— Mayn., Butt. X. E. 22-23, pi. 3, tigs! 



Argynnis idalia Goi\.,'E,n<iya\.m&t\\.A^:1o'2, 25, 25a. pi. 4, tigs. 251), 2.5c (1886). 



263, pi. 37, figs. 1, Ibis (1819);— Boisd.-LeC, Speyeria idalia Scudd., Syst. rev. Amer. 



Lt^J. Am(5r. sept., 147-14S, pi. 43, figs. 1-2 butt., 23 (1872). 



(1833) ;— Luc, Lep. exot., 108, pi. 56, upper Acidalia cybele (pars) Hiibn., Yerz. 



fig. (1S45);— [D'Urb.], Can. nat. geol., ii : 354- schmeU.. 31 (1810). 



