548 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



Legs very nearly otiual, not very long, slender, tapering, the clavps very slender, curving 

 gently ; prolegs of moderate length, not very stout, tapering, the hooklets pretty large 

 and pi'oniinent. 



Chrysalis. Viewed from above, the head is as broad as the sixth abdominal seg- 

 ment, roundly tapering a little to slightly produced lateral angles, -which are scarcely 

 advanced beyond the middle of the head; behind the head the body broadens suddenly 

 to the extreme base of the front Aving-cases, Avhich bear a short, conical tubercle; the 

 base of the hinder edge of the same is also very full ; beyond the third abdominal seg- 

 ment the body tapers pretty regularly to a blunt point. Viewed from the side, the lower 

 portion of the body, from just before the tip of the head nearly to the extremity of 

 the wings is nearly straight ; the front of the head is broadly rounded and the pro- 

 thorax is continued in the same curve, but the mesothorax is independently and pretty 

 strongly arched, more strongly sloped behind than in front, and above flattened 

 slightly ; the metathorax and ttrst abdominal segment are constricted so as to make a 

 very deep rounded hollowing, from the summit of the mesothorax to the second 

 abdominal segment; the Aving-cases fall oft" rapidly toward their edges, especially 

 near the ventral line, where the curve is about parallel to that of the front of the 

 mesothorax; the abdomen tapers but slightly before the sixth segment, and then 

 rather rapidly to a blunt cremaster ; the last three segments seem to be immovable, and 

 to curve over strongly so as to bring the tip of the cremaster on a line with the lower 

 edge of the anterior half of the body ; the ventral surface of the preanal button is 

 broadly flattened to an oval or horse-shoe shaped shield, with slightly raised edges ; the 

 cremaster is rather stout, tapering rapidly, constricted at the base above, and strongly 

 compressed, so as to be perpendicularly quadrate at the tip; the fifth to seventh seg- 

 ments of the abdomen have a small mediodorsal tubercle on the anterior edge; 

 besides this there is a laterodorsal series of conical, stout tubercles on all the thoracic 

 and abdominal segments, and inconspicuous suprastigmatal ones on the second to 

 fourth abdominal segments, and similar infrastigmatal ones on some of the segments ; 

 spiracles transversely regularly obovate ; posterior edges of the movable abdominal 

 segments with a broad, even, but very finely striated border. 



Distribution. This genus, very rich in species, is peculiar to that por- 

 tion of the north temperate zone of both hemispheres wliich lies between 

 the 35th and 60th degrees of latitude, excluding in America tlie penin- 

 sula of Labrador. It seems to be more abundantly represented in Amer- 

 ica than in Europe, especially in the western half of the continent, 

 whence numerous forms have been described by Messrs. Edwards, Behr 

 and others and superbly illustrated by the first in his work on American 

 butterflies. From Atlantic North America three species have been 

 described, all of them occuring abundantly in New England ; one is found 

 principally in the southern portions, one everywhere except in the White 

 Mountain region, while the third is peculiar to that district and the colder, 

 northern or more elevated parts of New England. 



Characteristics. The butterflies for the most part are moderately 

 large, fulvous colored above, and marked transversely with black, thus : 

 four bars traverse the cell of the fore wing, a rather narrow, zigzag, 

 broken band crosses the middle of the wing, a series of roundish spots the 

 middle of its outer half, and there is a submarginal series of sagittate 

 spots upon a dusky border ; beneath, the design on the fore wings is a 

 vague repetition of the markings above, while the hind wings are reddish 



