682 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



emerge until the end of the first week in July and flies until the first of 

 August. The eggs are laid in clusters late in June and in the early half, 

 perhaps the first three weeks, of July. Their duration is not known but 

 the caterpillars, after moulting two or at most three times (the larva 

 being variable in this habit), seek winter quarters in the early part of 

 September. During the second week of a certain September Professor 

 S. I. Smith found the caterpillar in the third stage still living in webs, 

 while another year by the middle of the month only deserted nests were 

 to be found ; it is doubtless then at just about this time that the caterpillar 

 seeks hiding places on the surface of the earth. Toward the end of May 

 and early in June it attains its growth, and after passing from ten to 

 sixteen, usually thirteen, days in the chrysalis,* under boards or logs lying 

 on the ground or attached to the under surface of leaves of Doellingeria 

 or other plants, it appears on the wing at the time stated. 



This butterfly is rarely seen in collections on account of its local habits ; 

 it occurs only in the immediate vicinity of spots where Doellingeria 

 grows. At the proper season, in the Norway locality, the caterpillars 

 may be found covering the plants, which grow at the edge of a small, 

 boggy, reedy meadow surrounded by thickets and light woods. 



Attitudes. As the butterfly hangs from the chrysalis skin before its 

 virgin flight, the antennae are spread at an angle of about 90° and at less 

 than a right angle with the vertical, while the club, as if it were heavy, 

 droops a little more than the stem. At night it rests with the wings 

 erect, the fore wings lowered between the hind pair so that the costal 

 margins are parallel and close together throughout most of the length of 

 the hind wing ; and the antennae stretched out in front droop a little in a 

 broadly sinuous curve from the plane of the body, and divaricate at an 

 angle of about 120°. In the day it often rests with its wings completely 

 expanded, nearly as much as in pi. 5, fig. 4, the antennae scarcely raised 

 above the plane of the wings and so widely separated as to be exactly 

 parallel to the costal margin of the fore wings. In walking up a vertical 

 twig it makes not the slightest use of its front legs. 



Experiments with cold. Mr. W. H. Edwards has experimented on 

 this butterfly by placing chrysalids less than a day old in a vessel in an 

 ice house in direct contact with the ice for periods varying from nine to 

 thirty days. Some of those exposed the longest perished ; such as did 

 not gave butterflies as long after freedom fiom the cold as their natural 

 term of chrysalid life, viz. : five to eight days. More than one-half of the 

 chrysalids exposed for nine days were not affected at all, and what is 

 curious, these were all put on the ice when only six hours old ; the others 

 placed on the ice at eighteen and twenty hours "were much changed . . . 

 chiefly by the restriction or obliteration of the buff bands and spots on 



■* AYheu transported south, beyond its range, the chrysalis hangs only from live to nine days. 



