688 THE BUTTERFLIES OF XEW ENGLAND. 



below, with a rather confused mass of reddish and pale yellow, irregular 

 spots. The antennal club is naked. 



The insects are single brooded and winter as half grown caterpillars ; 

 the chrysalis state lasts about a fortnight and the butterflies appear about 

 the middle of June. The eggs are laid in large clusters and the caterpil- 

 lars feed in company on Chelone and Lonicera, forming nests to which 

 they constantly retire and in which they pass the winter after the third 

 moult ; these are deserted in spring and the caterpillars live wholly ex- 

 posed. 



In one of the species of the very closely allied genus Lemonias, L. 

 chalcedon, the larvae have a similar habit of hibernation after the third 

 moult ; but according to the observations of ]\Ir. Wright, they behave 

 very differently according as they live high up in the mountains or in the 

 sun-baked valleys of southern California ; in the first instance they construct 

 webs of considerable toughness in which to hibernate, as in Euphydryas ; 

 while in the valleys they leave the slighter webs they construct in early 

 life and crawl into the ground to hibernate. 



The eggs are subglobular, larger below than above, rounded beneath, 

 trimcate above, the upper half ornamented with slight and rather frequent 

 ribs ; they hatch in about twenty days. The juvenile larvae have a body 

 furnished with small warts, giving rise to rather short tapering hairs, all 

 arranged in five pair of rows, three of them above, and two below the 

 spiracles. The mature larvae are rather stout, cylindrical, tapering for- 

 ward a little on the thoracic segments ; the body is furnished with stout, 

 tapering, bluntly tipped spines, each supplied with many aculiferous 

 conical wartlets and arranged in a median dorsal series and four pair of 

 lateral rows, two above and two below the spiracles. The chrysalids are 

 well rounded and rather elongated with somewhat prominent wing thecae 

 and frequent series of small conical tubercles arranged in longitudinal 

 series ; they are pale, brownish yellow, spotted and blotched with black. 



EXCURSUS XXIL—THE HIBERNATION OF CATERPILLARS. 



And, though a worm when he was lost, 



Or caterpillai- at the most, 



When next we see him, wings he wears, 



And in papilio pomp appears ; 



Becomes oviparous ; supplies 



With future worms and future flies 



The next ensuing year— and dies ! 



COWPER. 



Certainly a quarter, not unlikely one-half of our butterflies survive the 

 winter as caterpillars ; and in the larger part of these the existence of the 

 species depends upon their power of survival in this condition. Most of 

 them pass the winter partly groAvn : some, as the species of Thanaos and 



