766 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



were dead. . . . But I was able to replenish the stock from the tree when the larvae 

 liad become a feAV days old, and thenceforward had no difficulty whatever. . . . The 

 young larvae on hatching ... eat their way out of the egg a little below the tip 

 but do not eat the egg shell after emerging, and the empty shell has often guided me 

 to the whereabouts of the young caterpillar. ... On hatching they ascend to the ex- 

 tremity of one of the leaves and remain there, stripping the sides, leaving the midrib 

 untouched, whence it is easy to find them. 



When about half grown, the larvae in confinement might be seen slowly making 

 their way up the side of the glass, by means of a zigzag ladder which they spun as 

 they went, and the glass became well coated with this kind of web. After the fourth 

 moult, they began to fasten the leaves loosely together, and stretched several threads 

 across the top of the glass. These tlireads were quite strong enough singly to bear 

 the weight of a caterpillar, and I have seen one cross the diameter of the glass in this 

 way, walking feet upward ; in this case the traveller proceeded cautiously, stopping 

 several times and throwing a thread to the right or left by a corresponding movement 

 of its head, whereby to attach its unsteady bridge to a neighboring line or leaf. 



There is something in their attitude when at rest that distinguishes them from other 

 butterfly larvae. For hours they remain with the head and upper segments thrown 

 back and arched, after the manner of the typical Sphingidae. Or the anterior segments 

 are raised from the leaf and curved forward , the [first and second thoracic] and pos- 

 terior segments being swollen, and the middle ones flattened dorsally, an odd habit I 

 have not observed in any other species. ... I have noticed another remarkable pecu- 

 liarity in these larvae. On 30th August, I returned home after an absence of but three 

 days, and found the leaves that I had placed in the glass with four larvae, which 

 had just passed their third moult at my depai'ture, dried up and all the larvae changed 

 to chrysalids, thus crowding into less than three days changes which naturally require 

 six. The chrysalids were not more than half the usual size, and the butterflies that 

 came from them were small and pale colored. 



A similar result follow^ed on sending specimens which had just com- 

 pleted their third moult on a two days journey ; once the larva "had fixed 

 for chrysalis and in the other had actually changed/' although their food 

 was still fresh. The chrysalis hangs "five days in July, seven in August." 



Desiderata. The most important points requiring elucidation in this 

 butterfly are the satisfactory determination of how many broods there are 

 each year, the rearing of considerable numbers toward the latter part of 

 the season, to determine whether it passes the winter in any other state 

 than as a butterfly ; and the reason for its erratic distribution and variable 

 abundance. The question of the affinities of this remarkable type being 

 an important one, especially in view of its antiquity, it is highly desirable 

 that a most minute account be given of the internal and external anatomy 

 of the earlier stages. 



LIS T OF ILL US TEA TIONS.-HYPA T US BA CHMANIL 



General. Imago. 



PI. 21, fig. 8. Distribution in North America. PI. 4, fig. 4. Male, both surfaces. 



Egg- 34:12,13. Male abdominal appendages. 



P1.64, fig, 42. Colored. 39:5. Neuration. 



Caterpillar. 46: 16. Androconium. 



PI. 75, fig. 19. Mature caterpillar. 54: 6. Side view of head and appendages 



Chrysalis. enlarged, with details of the structure of 



PI. 84, fig. 23. 24. Side views. the legs. 



