946 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



dcs ajiix, which is horcomorphic in the same sense, tliough not to tlie same 

 de"Toe. as this species. But this plainly is a point which a careful multi- 

 plication of facts will alone clear up. 



Miscellaneous. The androconia, of the form lucia at least, with which 

 only i iiavo experimented, are undoubtedly scent scales ; for when the 

 finfcr is rubbed over the upper surface of the fore wing of the male it will 

 be found to have an odor, excessively faint indeed but ])erce])tible, which 

 I can only compare to the odor of crushed violet stems or perhaps to 

 newly stirred earth in spring. No odor is perceptible when the same ex- 

 periment is tried with the female. 



Mr. P^dwards tried the experiment of placing chrvsalids of this species 

 on ice, but unfortunately without success, as all died. 



Parasites. Mr. Edwards has found four parasites attacking this insect. 

 One of these is dipterous, Exorista theclarum (89:17, 19). "This de- 

 posits eggs on the skin of the larva while in the second larval stage," 

 and the maggot pierces its way into the interior and comes out again when 

 the caterpillar is full grown ; of a dozen larvae sent him by Professor 

 Comstock all but one were found to i)e infested with this parasite. Mr. 

 Edwards in 1878 speaks of a second dipterous foe, but makes no mention 

 of the same in his complete account in 1884 ; perhaps he has reference to 

 Syneches pusillus, a fly belonging to the Empidae, never known to be 

 parasitic, but which emerged from a chrysalis of this species, whatever its 

 larval habits may have been. Then he mentions three hymenopterous 

 parasites, of which two are small. One of them, Apanteles cyaniridis, first 

 identified as A. congregatus, deposits its eggs "singly within the very 

 young larvae, and the grub eats its way out when the larva is but half 

 grown, and proceeds to spin for itself a cylindrical cocoon of yellow silk, 

 from which in a few days the perfect insect will break forth." Of the 

 other minute parasite he tells us nothing, but he probably refers to Hemiteles 

 lycaenae described in the Appendix. The fourth parasite found by him 

 was an ichneumon fly referred by Cresson to Anomalon. This attacks 

 the larva "only in the last or perhaps the last two stages," and emerges 

 from the chrysalis. Perhaps this is the same insect as Angitia pscudargi- 

 oli, which I have obtained from this insect. Mr. Edwards does not think 

 any of them very destructive as he has found the chrysalids remarkably free 

 from parasites ; and he relates an interesting story of how one of these 

 enemies was driven away from its intended victim by the savage defence 

 offered by an attendant ant. 



Desiderata. One would suppose, from the amount of attention that 

 has been paid this species, and the wealth of illustration that has been 

 brought to its service by Mr. Edwards, that there would be little left to do. 

 On the contrary the more facts he has brought forward, the more problems 

 seem to arise requiring solution. The distribution of the butterfly over 



