LYCAEN'IXAE: TlIK (.KXIS UUSTICUS. 961 



ant^ li:is ln'i'ii oh.'ii'rx ('(1 willi Imtli oidur species whose traiisforniations are 

 known. Edwards made the f'olhiwini;- experiments on tlie western sjiccies, 

 R. inclissa : — 



Oil Juno 9 I iiilrotluccd a siuiiU ant to this larva, which was conflned in a glass 

 tube. The ant soon discovered the larva, and ran aljout it iii great excitement, ca- 

 ressing it with its antennae. Immediately the tubes wliich I had not hitlierto seen, 

 began to play, and one or the other, or both together, were exposed for some minutes, 

 and indeed so long as the ant was near. Sometimes the tulios wcro fully protruded, 

 with the tentacles expanded, at other times were partially withdrawn, in that case 

 coming togetlier in a pencil just as has been observed in pseudargiolus. . . . Tlie ant 

 always ended its caresses by putting its mouth to the orillce [on the seventh abdomi- 

 ual segment] , and by its motions evidently found the fluid it souglit. Next day I 

 turned in two ants at the same time, and of a larger species. They ran about the glass 

 as if alarmed at linding themselves in couttnemcnt, and accidentally one soon touched 

 the larva. At once a drop of green fluid bubl)led up from [the orifice] before the 

 tubes made any movement. The ant saw it and rushed to it, and then the tubes began 

 to play. They had been quiet for fully Ave minutes before, and while 1 was sitting 

 by, but now they played intermittently for two or three minutes, the tentacles fully 

 expanding and then partly retreating. The ants drank of the drops four times and 

 then desisted, running about the glass again. I let them out and introduced one of 

 the small ants, the same species as that experimented with the day before. Almost 

 at once it found the larva, caressed it gently, and was favored with the coveted 

 nectar, the tubes all the time In motion. On the 12th, larva now mature, I introduced 

 an ant. As usual, as soon as the manipulations began, the tubes began to play, and 

 presently a large drop issued. ... In ten seconds, by the watch, another followed, but 

 for some time after there was no more, though the ant Isegged urgently for it. The 

 ant left [the orillce], and ran up and down the body of the larva, caressing the 

 anterior segments, and then returned to [the orifice] and begged again. This was 

 repeated several times, but the larva was obdurate. This larva was near pupation, 

 and was probably exhausted. The solicitations are made by the antennae alone, which 

 fly about, drumming here, there and everywhere, the ant manifesting great excitement. 

 I was observing ants in tubes with pseudai'giolus at this same time, and the behavior 

 of the two species was identical. (Papilio, iv : 92-93.) 



Pupation. Boisduval states that when E. belhargus seeks to change to 

 chrv.salis it hides itself under the twigs of plants in such a way that the 

 chrysalis is almost half buried in the ground. Zeller says that the larva 

 of K. astrarche creeps about restlessly when the time for pupation arrives, 

 and he found it hard to satisfy its choice with dry leaves and stems and 

 crumpled paper among the living plants on which it had been feeding. 

 Most of them changed on the surface of the ground without spinning ; but 

 some spun in the normal manner, and one "on a willow leaf between 

 Stems of Artemisia, which it had drawn together with some transverse 

 threads, forming, as it were, the rudiments of a cocoon." So, too, Hel- 

 lins found one of the pupae of R. aegon which he reared, lying "amongst 

 a few loose threads at the very bottom of the stems and partly in the 

 earth"; while those of K. astrarche were "in nearly perpendicular posi- 

 tions, amongst, and slightly attached to, the stems of the Helianthemum 

 [on which it had fed] by a few silk threads near the ground." 



Early stages. The eggs are M-hite, tiarate, flattened above and below. 



