1032 THE lU'TTEUI-LlK.S OF NEW KNGEAXU. 



and in the male al)(li)rain:il armature tliere is nothing to parallel the struct- 

 ure of the crinkled ribbons at the base of the centrum in Papilioninae ex- 

 cept tlie inferior armature of the same part in the male Hesperidi. 



Hut although the affinities between these two groups can be pointed out 

 in many more particulars in the structure of the adult animal tlian in the 

 less known earlier stages, there are not wanting in the latter further proofs 

 of the same relationship. Thus the eggs of all the Papilioninae known, 

 with the sole exception of those of the Parnassidi, are extremely simple 

 and uniform, being subspherical, with a flattened base and almost aljso- 

 lutely smootii, showing, iiowever, a reticulated structure ; and they find 

 their nearest approach (with the possible exception of a few of tiie Saty- 

 rinae) in the equally uniform eggs of the Pamphilidi, \\hich differ from 

 them in scarcely any point excepting their broader base and more hemi- 

 spherical form. In one particular the caterpillars are extremely different 

 from those of the Hesperidae, the Hesperidae being remarkable in their 

 earliest stage for the great size and stoutness of the head and tlie slender- 

 ness of the first thoracic segment, which becomes reduced to a mere neck ; 

 almost the exact opposite is true of the structure of the head and first 

 thoracic segment in the Papilioninae, which more nearly resemble in this 

 respect the structure of the Lycaenidae. But the universal presence in 

 each of longitudinally ranged, clubbed bi'istles in the earliest stage of the 

 caterpillar and tiie nearly naked form of the body of the mature caterpil- 

 lar, witli the absence of any appendages except delicate hairs or processes 

 of a fleshy nature, show that they are not distantly related. Moreover, in 

 the structure of the internal organization so far as it has been studied, 

 which, it must be confessed, is to an extremely limited extent, the Papil- 

 ioninae agree better with the Hesperidae than with any other group in the 

 complete coalescence of the terminal ganglia into one, in the excessive 

 length of the stomach at the expense of the oesophagus and intestine, in 

 the delicacy and small development of the malpighian vessels, in the great 

 extent and peculiar disposition of the silk vessels, which is strictly corre- 

 lated with the exceptional amount of silk frequently spun as a carpet for 

 the resting place of the larva, and in the absence of any divisional clus- 

 tering of the longitudinal band of muscular bundles upon the sides of the 

 body ; while on the other hand hardly a single feature can be pointed out 

 in which they agree better with other groups than with the Hesperidae. 

 In the structure of the chrysalis we have observed no points of s])ecial 

 affinity, with the sole exception of the not uncommon unimucronate exten- 

 sion of the front, in which the chrysalids of the Hesperidae find their only 

 analogue in those of the Pierinae. 



Table of subfamilies of Papilionidae, based on the egg. 



Egg at least twice as high as broad, vertically ribbed Pierinae. 



Egg at most scarcely higher thau broad, often broader than high, all surface sculpture, when 

 visible, reticulate Papilioninae. 



