TUK MIGRATIONS OF BUTTERFLIES. 1081 



that on the 7tli of .Fiiiic flights of the buttertly were noted at no k's.s tlian 

 nine or ten widely separated places in different parts of Europe, especially 

 in south-western Germany, Switzerland and Moravia ; in the vicinity of 

 Zuricli, an observer, who noted the flight at half past four in tlie after- 

 noon and found it still continuing at five, calculated that a thousand indi- 

 viduals passed over his head within the space of eight minutes, forming a 

 stream al)()ut ten metres wide. Near Iliiningen they were observed cross- 

 ing the Kliine for many liours, passing in an easterly direction. On the 8th 

 they were observed at Carlsruhc, Strassburg, Stuttgart, and near Zurich, in 

 the last place flying very swiftly in immense swarms, during a couple of 

 hours in the afternoon, over a space a kilometre broad and from two to ten 

 metres higli. On the IHh, Fore! I'eports that a passage of buttei-flies 

 occurred at Morges and Lausanne, lasting from one to four hours ; and it 

 was probably this species seen moving westward at Olmiitz, Moravia, 

 between 1 and 2 p. m. On the 10th they were observed at Carlsruhe and 

 other places in the vicinity, and at Augers, France, where they passed in a 

 westerly direction against a feeble wind ; this was the day on which the flight 

 wasol)served at Rennes by Obertiiiir, who gives some interesting estimates, 

 calculating that the buttei-tlies moved about fifty metres in ten seconds ; 

 sometimes twenty or thirty would be seen in a single minute, following 

 one another without interruption, sometimes four or five close together; 

 they flew over all obstacles, passing vertically up the walls of houses in 

 their way, always surmounting obstacles, never passing around them. 

 The flight began at half past eleven in the morning, moved in a northerly 

 direction until two o'clock in the afternoon, when its direction was sud- 

 denly changed to the west, and an hour afterward the wind itself began to 

 veer to the east, blowing up a storm in the course of another hour. On 

 the 11th, swarms were observed at Nancy, at St. Franc, Savoy, 600 

 metres above the sea, at Salzburg, and at Steyer in upper Austria, whei'e 

 thev were on the move from nine o'clock in the morning to six in the 

 afternoon, though most abundant between one and two in the afternoon, 

 and it was calculated that, over a breadth of 100 paces, from 90 to 1 10 passed 

 in a minute, making more than a million of individuals during the day. 

 On the 12th the flight was observed at Lautschitz in Bohemia, on the 

 15th at Augsburg, and again, between four and five o'clock in the after- 

 noon, at Salzburg, passing here at the rate of about 750 in an hour. The 

 streams were noted every da}- from the 10th to the 16th near Paris, and 

 especially on the 1.3th, always passing in the same direction, toward the 

 west. Dr. Regenbart even asserts that at Evreux, France, there was a 

 continual passage of this buttei"flv from south to north throughout the 

 whole of June, without the omission of a single day, and even during 

 moderate rain, the butterflies flying near the groimd with great rapidity, 

 surmounting all obstacles and never turning aside, all with torn and faded 



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