THE SPREAD OF A BUTTERFLY IN A NEW REGION. 1179 



tlierefore, certainly not later than 18(58. Indeed we have seen that it was 

 just on their border, at Eastport, in IHfiG, and Prof. L. W. Hailey, writing 

 in 188(>, says it has been at Fredericton "for at least twenty-five years," 

 but he speaks only from recollection. 



Rut the chief interest of the year 1868 lies in the fact that it was then 

 independently introduced into the country at New York. Kunior has it that 

 a German entomologist in Ilobokcn received some living pupae from 

 Europe to raise for his cabinet, that tiiev emerged from the chrysiilis in 

 his absence and afterward escaped from an open window. But liowevcr 

 this may be, we know from several sources that it was to be found about 

 Ilobokcn and Hudson City, N. J., this year. Mr. John Ilampson, a 

 collector of twenty-six years experience, living in Newark, took a single 

 specimen there this year in May. The late Mr. W. V. Andrews, sending 

 me cat(>rpillars in July, 18()!1, said it had "'been known for aycarortwo," 

 and the same writer says in January, 1870, "the increase of this insect during 

 the last two years is marvellous." Indeed its abundance the next year 

 at Bergen Hill , West Hoboken and Hudson City is proof that the first 

 specimens came to the spot in 1868. The fact that New York City does 

 not draw upon the Lake Champlain region for its cabbages and the sub- 

 sequent evident spread of Pieris rapae from two points prove this to have 

 been in all probability an independent introduction into the country. It 

 is only surprising that it was so long delayed. 



The spread of the butterfly from this new centre during 1869 does not 

 appear to have been very great. That in scanty numbers it followed the 

 track of the railway tow-ard Philadelphia is probable from the nature of 

 things and from the fact that Mr. J. P. R. Carney took a specimen that 

 year within the present limits of Camden, which he at the time supposed 

 came across the ocean in a vessel, then unloading near by ; yet Mr. 

 Andrews wrote under date of August 26th in that year that while "quite 

 abundant in the neighborhood of Bergen Hill and Hudson City, ten miles 

 hence I could not find a single specimen." It reached West Farms in the 

 autimin of that year, where it was seen by Mr. James Angus, but not 

 taken : specimens were, however, taken the following April fresh from the 

 pupa. It was also reported as veiy common in 1869, in the parks and 

 gardens of New York city, by several observers, though Mr. T. L. Mead, 

 an enthusiastic lepidopterist at the time and a resident of the city, records 

 the capture of a single specimen on the Jersey side of the Hudson River as 

 if its presence in the metropolis were quite unknown to him. It seems 

 probable, therefore, that its occurrence in the vicinity of New York was 

 taken for its presence in the city itself. Still it may well have been present in 

 spots not visited by Mr. Mead and I myself found it swarming about parks in 

 the heart of the city in June, 1870. I can find no record of its appearance 

 this year in T.ong Island. In 1869, then, with the exception of a straggler 



