1202 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



June. The eggs are laid during the last half of May and early in June, 

 and hatch in from five to ten days ; the caterpillars may be found from 

 the last week of May to the end of June, the chrysalis hangs from seven 

 to eleven days and the second brood of buttei-flies makes its advent during 

 the last days of June or very early in July, a few days after the appear- 

 ance of the second brood of P. rapae ; this brood in oleracea seems never 

 to be very al)undant (ordinarily less so than the first brood) and to main- 

 tain itself for a comparatively short time ; it becomes common by the end 

 of the first week of July, or, in the north, a few days later, and sometimes 

 disappears, in the south at least, before the end of the month. The eggs 

 are laid throughout July, and some of the larvae are full grown before the 

 last week of the month ; indeed these caterpillars always grow rapidly, 

 usually attaining their growth in two or three weeks : some larvae may 

 still be found throughout the first half of August. The third brood some- 

 times appears as early as the last days of July, but usually not before 

 August ; it becomes very abundant by the middle of the month and lasts 

 until early in September. The eggs are laid during the middle and latter 

 part of August ; the caterpillai's are found from the last week in August 

 to the first week in October, and begin to change to chrysalids as early as 

 September 8 and pass the winter in this condition. Occasional specimens, 

 however, disclose butterflies late in September or early in October. These 

 are probably all males (for the male of this species usually appears a week 

 earlier than the female), but in any case this brood must perish, for only 

 the chrysalis can endure the severe frosts : this apparition of a false brood 

 has been known to occur as far north as Norway, Me. (Smith). 



The species must be triple brooded far to the north. Jones says it is 

 abundant in August in Nova Scotia, which rather indicates the third 

 brood ; on the lower St. Lawrence, Bell found butterflies at St. Simon on 

 May 28 and again at St. Anne from June 20 to the middle of July, show- 

 ing that there must be three broods there. At Ottawa it appears as early 

 as May 22. On the other hand in southern Labrador Couper thought 

 there was one only, but in this he was perhaps mistaken ; the buttei-fly 

 appeared in the latter part of June and flew to the middle of July and 

 specimens showed that this was the spring brood. In Newfoundland, 

 according to Gosse, it appeared only a little earlier than that, "early in 

 June," and he found a second late in August and early in September. At 

 Nepigon, north of Lake Superior, it can hardly appear much before the 

 middle of June and eggs obtained by me the first of July laid by the first 

 brood and transported to Cambridge gave the imago the same month ; and 

 as Osten Sacken took the butterfly in September at Duluth, it is highly 

 probable that there is a second brood at Nepigon. Mead first met with the 

 butterfly in his Colorado collections on June 12 and found it flying through 

 July, and he adds, "there is no second brood" ; but these specimens, like 



