123S THE BUTTERFLU:S OF NEW ENGLAND. 



excepting that tlie colors arc more varied, the wiiites iiave become more of 

 a cream color, and the mottling is more noticeable, partly from the larger 

 size ; in general the disposition of the markings is much as in the newly 

 boi'n caterpillar. 



In Papilio, finally, we have at birth a jet black caterpillar with a white 

 saddle across the middle, and occasionally a white fleck or two in front of 

 it; the body is cylindrical or nearly so, but the thorax shows a slight 

 tumidity ; it is tubercidate, with conical tubercles, beset with bristles ; 

 there is little inequality in the length of the tubercles, but those on the side 

 of the body are dull orange. In the second and third stages we have a 

 repetition of the same features in color, form and tubercles; the orange, 

 however, becomes a little more vivid. In the fourth stage, too, the dark 

 tubercles still remain but are relatively less important, and have at tlieir 

 anterior base a yellow or orange spot ; while in the place of the orange 

 tubercles are orange lentieles, and these and the other orange spots break 

 what would otherwise be a broad, black, transverse band in the middle of 

 each segment ; for now the body has become green and is transversely 

 striped with black in the middle and (more narrowly) at the front edge of 

 each segment, and no sign whatever of the saddle remains : the form at 

 the same time becomes more completely cylindrical, but the body tapers in 

 front. In the last stage this general style of ornamentation and of form 

 is kept, but the tubercles and lentieles altogether disappear. 



From these statements we see that there is a somewhat general uniformity 

 of type in the earliest stage of larval life among the Papilioninae, while 

 there is an extraordinary diversity in the same caterpillars when full grown. 

 Some of them alter ^-eiy much less than others, some assume the mature 

 aspect by slow degrees, and others at a start and at very diff'ei-ent periods 

 of life. Thus maturity may be said to be assumed at the second stage by 

 Laertias and Iphiclidcs, at the fourth by Heraclides and Papilio, in the 

 course of the fourth stage by Jasoniades, and not until the final stage by 

 Euphoeades. This assumption of maturity consists in several distinct 

 features which in general are correllated : the form of the body, the broad 

 features of the coloring of the body and the loss of the juvenile armature. 

 In'only one instance, Papilio, are the tubercles of the larva retained (and 

 here only for a single stage) after the adult form and markings ha\e 

 appeared ; and, excepting Laertias where the markings are almost null 

 through life. Heraclides is the only example where the ornamentation of 

 the bod\' of tlie adult in any way resembles that of the newly born eater- 

 pillar. 



There are several distinct lines along which changes have occurred, 

 ijei'mitting readier comparison between allied types, and to set this forth 

 more clearly the facts are tabulated on the next page, the numerals repi-e- 

 scnting the stages. 



