PAPILIONINAE : JASONIADES GLAUCUS. 1303 



ever, when the new brooil was tlying, both males and females visited a field of clover 

 within easy reach in swarms, and I made a special point of searching; for yellow 

 females, as did >rr. Mead, who was witli me, and wc were both struck by tlieir exceed- 

 ing rarity. In fact, but one only was taken dnring the time the clover was in bloom 

 though we must have seen hundreds of the black form. Mr. Walsh has stated that in 

 northern lUiuois both black and yellow females occur, tliough the black are five or six 

 times more numerous than the yellow, judging from the careful observation of five 

 years. But on visiting a clover field in soutliern Illinois he captured between seventy 

 and eighty specimens, and every yellow one was a male. Professor Snow, in Kansas, 

 tells me that there tlie black much outnumber the yellow. Mr. Aaron, at Mavyville, 

 eastern Tennessee, writes that the species is abundant, but the yellow females are very 

 rare, while the black ones are as plenty as the yellow males. And Messrs. Boll and 

 Belfragc, in northern Texas, and professional collectors of large experience, say that 

 the black female is much more numerous than the yellow one. All these observers, 

 however, allow that the yellow females are found in their several districts. On the 

 seaboard, Mr. H. K. Morrison, also an experienced collector, who has spent much time 

 in the southeastern states, says, "in Georgia half the females of turnus are black.' 

 And that he has a large number of specimens from central and northern Florida, "and 

 about one-half the females are yellow." But that among the mountains (Black Moun 

 tains) of North Carolina the females were yellow. " On my arrival at Henry's, 

 McDowell Co., N. C, I found the males and females, yellow form, July 1,5th to 

 30th, quite abundant and fresh. At the same place, August 25th to September 5th, I 

 found the yellow form again abundant and fresh. I saw no black females. I caught 

 one or t«'o of these at Morganton, Burke Co., in July, but they were rare." Within 

 the zone inhabited by the two forms of female, neither has been known to produce a 

 black male, nor is such an insect known to have ever been seen ; the black females pro- 

 duce yellow males and mostly black females, only occasionally a yellow female appear- 

 ing in the brood, so far as observed ; and the yellow females in very rare instances 

 produce black females. It is not possible to distinguish a yellow male or yellow 

 female by a black mother, from the same by a yellow mother, or the black females 

 from each other, whether the mother was yellow or black. And, as a rule, the separa- 

 tion of the two forms of female is complete. Intermediate examples do sometimes 

 occur, but they are exceedingly rare. In the hundreds of this species which I have 

 bred, there never appeared one such, and in the field I have met but three or four. 



We must refer our readers to this work itself for some exceedingly 

 interesting speculations of Mr. Edwards upon the origin, perpetuation and 

 future of this "black race." They are well worthy of study, but too loner 

 for insertion here. 



Enemies. Many of these are refeiTed to by Mr. Edwards, as follows : 



Turnus has many enemies, birds and dragon-fiies by day, and probably small owls 

 and others by night. In spite of their expanse of wing and power of flight, the larger 

 Libellulidae will pounce on them in mid-air and carry them away. On several occa- 

 sions I have known this to happen. I scarcely ever go into the garden of a midsum- 

 mer morning that I do not see severed wings of Papilios and of some of the laro-e 

 bombycid moths upon the ground, and can only account for so much destruction at 

 night by crediting it to the owls, which are not at all uncommon. The eggs are 

 always liable to discovery by spiders and ants; and wlien the larvae do emerce, some 

 are destroyed by the same foes ; others are stung by ichneumon flies, and either while 

 larvae or in chrysalis inevitably perish. And when at last a chrysalis is formed, it is 

 exposed to peril from new enemies, squirrels, mice, birds, and one would think few 

 could possibly survive the long months of winter with such a risk of destruction. 

 (Butterflies of N. A., ii.) 



