1320 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



metathoras to the eighth alxlomiaal segment, a little largest on the fourth anil fifth 

 segments; a lateral row of similar spots on the same segments, midway between the 

 previous row and the stigniatal carina, that on the metanotum large and obscure, 

 those of the first and eighth abdominal segments often obsolete. Length, 30.5 mm. ; 

 breadth at ocellar prominences, 7 mm. ; at basal wing tubercle, 7.5 mm. ; at third 

 abdominal segment, 8.75 mm.; height at mesonotal tubercle, 8.25 ram.; at second 

 abdominal segment, 9.25 mm. ; distance from tip of ocellar prominences to mesonotal 

 tubercle, 9.75 mm. ; length of mass of booklets longitudinally, .G8 mm. ; breadth of 

 same transversely, .8 mm. ; length of booklets, .2 mm. ; width of their apical cup, .05 

 mm. There is no sexual distinction whatever in the chrysalis, either in color or in 

 the form of the terminal abdominal segment. 



Malformations. Jlr. Roland Thaxter brought me, September 27th, 1875, a living 

 chrysalis of this species, with the head of the caterpillar still remaining upon it (86 : 

 74-80). The head is split, as ordinarily when cast for the last time, and the two 

 hemispheres hug the base of the right ocellar prominence of the chrysalis, the left 

 ocellar prominence being greatly aborted and entering the heart of the left cephalic 

 hemisphere; the right hemisphere is nothing but a pellicle, connected only with the 

 opposite half, but the left seems to be closely soldered to the insect, although the 

 edges are free almost or quite throughout; in addition, the pellicle and hardened dor- 

 sal shield of the first segment of the larva are present, directly behind the left 

 hemisphere; the frontal triangle and all the mouth parts of the larval head remain 

 naturally attached to the left hemisphere; there is nothing else peculiar to the 

 creature excepting its total lack of maxillary aud antennal cases, the empty trough 

 for the reception of the former being particularly conspicuous, while that of the lat- 

 ter is closed on the distal half, or, on the right side, even more than that. This 

 makes it all the more probable that the larval head has still an organic connection 

 with the insect. The chrysalis was raised from a caterpillar found in the open air, 

 just ready to change. That it may not be uncommon is shown by the fact that Mr. 

 Thaxter once had four such chrysalids which were unfortunately eaten up by mice. 



Prof. E. L. Mark also once wrote me that he had raised a malformed pupa in which 

 the tongue and antennae were raised from aud projected in a line with the body, ex- 

 tending in front of the head ; a parasite emerged from it. 



Dr. C. v. Riley also obtained from rearing Iphiclides ajax a monstrous chrysalis 

 with the larval head still attached. 



Geographical distribution (27 : 1 ) . Excepting in New England the 

 distribution of this butterfly is almost precisely the same as that of Iphiclides 

 ajax. It ranges over nearly the whole extent of both the Alleghauian 

 and Carolinian faunas, from the Atlantic coast to the barren plains west 

 of the Mississippi. Southward it occurs abundantly almost, if not quite 

 to the extremity of Florida, although in Apalachicola it is "rare and ac- 

 cidental" (Chapman) : it is also abundant in Alabama (Gosse), has been 

 taken at the mouth of the Mississippi (Riley), and is said to occur in 

 Texas (Strecker). Westward it is found as far as Vicksburg, Miss. 

 (Mich. Univ. Mus.), Missouri (Riley, Stolley, Mus. comp. zool.), east- 

 ern Kansas, "very rare" (Snow) and Iowa, — Ames (Osborn), Davenport 

 (Putnam). Its extreme northern limits, at least east of Lake Michigan, 

 seem to be marked by the annual isotherm of 45° ; immediately west of 

 this we know nothing of it except to the southward, where it apparently 

 extends to the borders of the Great Plains ; but that it must occur also in 

 the northwest seems evident from its capture by Geddes at Fort McLeod 



