PAPILIONINAK : IIEKACLIDES CRKSPIIONTES. 1343 



chrysalis throiiglioiit Auiiiist. are laying eggs, to judge from the caterpil- 

 lars touiul, at least tiiroiighout Aiiyiist, aixl llv tiiroiiiihoiit the greater 

 part of Septeml)i'r and even into Octoher ; the caterpillars sometimes do 

 not reach chrysalis until the middle of October. The whole period from 

 egg to imago in a single season may be as many as sixty or as few as 

 twenty days. 



Late in August, 1883, Mr. II. S. Seagrave discovered on the under side 

 of leaves of the prickly ash in the Botanic Garden, Cambridge, a couple oi' 

 recently hatched larvae of this species, close beside their egg-siiells. Sub- 

 sequently others were found upon the same tree, and some of them reared 

 to maturity, jiroducing buttertlies of the normal size. Later, others were 

 found in diti'erent stages of growth, and as they continued to appear even 

 to the time of frosts, some being found only half grown on leaves which 

 had fallen from the trees, about six weeks later than those first found, 

 Mr. Seagrave thought that tlie later caterpillars belonged to a succeed- 

 ing brood ; l>ut this can hardly be the case, but rather later individuals of 

 the second brood, the Ijutterfly continuing to lay, without regard to the 

 impossibility of her progeny's being able to grow to maturity ; frosts must 

 here as elsewhere kill off the belated caterpillars. All the later caterpil- 

 lars which Mr. Seagrave reai-ed produced much undersized butterflies. 



Habits and flight of the butterfly. On alighting, the butterfly rests 

 on the upper side of leaves, witii spread wings (Wittfeld). "The con- 

 trast," says Gosse, "between the prevailing colours of the upper and under 

 surface is very observable, as the insect floats carelessly along, slowly flap- 

 ping its voluminous wings, or rests half expanded, to sip the slushy mud 

 in the stable-yard ; when it has a magnificent appearance." According to 

 Doubleday, it "alights on the ends of projecting branches or on a project- 

 ing dead twig, sitting with its wings expanded, drooping, as we set Lepi- 

 deptera in England, or rather more so than we conunonly depress them. 

 ... I never saw it close its wings over its back." Its strong flight makes 

 it diflEicult to capture, according to Grote, and DeGarmo writes that it "is 

 a very vigorous insect, with a strong, steady stroke of wing, more like the 

 flight of a bird than any other variety about here" ; and Uhler speaks of it 

 as "sailing with dignified beauty in the country about Hagerstowu, Md." 



Protection. The protective colors of the caterpillar and chrysalis have 

 been alluded to above, as well as the odor of the osmatcria of the caterpil- 

 lar. "No birds attack it," writes Dr. Neal, "though often exposed. 

 The shrike, that is almost omnivorous, will not touch it, nor will the bee 

 martin nor the mocking bird." From fifty odd caterpillars found by Mr. 

 Beutenmiiller, near New York, not one was parasitized. 



Enemies. Yet it finds foes enough, and perhaps the northern locality- 

 may account for the immunity noted by Mr. Beutenmiiller. Hubbard 

 writes : — 



