1366 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



Wings generally of simple form, in particular the fore wings ; these are triangular, the 

 outer margin always gently arcuate and entire ; costal margin terminating nearor not far 

 beyond the middle of the nearly straight costal margin ; subcostal nervure with four 

 superior branches and one inferior branch, itself terminating just below the tip of the 

 wing; all of these originate in tlie apical half of the cell and fill the apical half of the 

 costal margin with nearly equidistant, closely approximated, oblique veins; discoidal 

 cell long and narrow, closed only by a very delicate vein, often marked only by a spur or 

 the angle of the inferior subcostal nervure above ; median uervure with four branches, 

 the first almost always thrown ofl'f^r before the middle of the cell, the last forming 

 an independent vein, the extremity of the uervure proper, between the base of the two 

 last nervules, being obsolete and marked only Ijy a short spur or the angulation of the 

 attachment of the penultimate nervule; internal nervure always present, very short, 

 often obsolescent and usually bending up to and terminating in thesubmedian nervure. 

 Hind wings rounded, triangular, the outer margin usually entire, sometimes crenulate 

 or erose, sometimes with a Ijroad and equal tail of greater or less length, formed always 

 by the extension of the submedian nervure; or often angled or lobed at the same 

 point ; extreme base of costal margin with a fringe of stout, bristly hairs ; the costal 

 and subcostal nervures originate together and part at a short distance from the base, 

 often enclosing between them a minute areole, and the subcostal at its more abruptly 

 changed course appearing like an offshoot of the costal; it forks but once, near the 

 middle of the wing ; the discoidal cell is open or closed in part only by a spur, often 

 merely indicated by an angulation of tlie opposing veins near the middle of tlie wing; 

 the median nervure forks twice not far apart and near the middle of the wing; the 

 intern.al is nearly as long as the submedian nervure excepting when the latter supports 

 a tail or a lobe; inner margin of wing always plaited. 



Fore legs ditfering from the others In that the tibiae have a foliate epiphysis on the 

 inner side; the hind tibiae also have a post median as well as an apical pair of spurs, 

 though these are sometimes absent; claws overhung by two pair of long, curving 

 bristles. 



Upper organ of the male abdominal appendages with a Ijroad centrum aud an unusual 

 development of the parts beyond, and of the lateral arms, the hook-like posterior pro- 

 jection almost invariably douljlc, occasionally consolidated, the whole piece generally 

 elevated considerably above the clasps, so as never to be concealed by them. Clasps 

 heavy, of very varialjle shape, geuerally developing spinous lobes at the extremity and 

 in the middle of the upper border. 



Egg. Compact, in a general way subglobular or hemispherical, the height not exceed- 

 ing the diameter, the base squarely truncate, its rim a little curved, the sides rounded, 

 the summit broadly rounded and usually flat at the extreme pole, the sides either longi- 

 tudinally ribbed and then almost invariably supplied with numerous delicate cross lines, 

 or else broken up into numerous inconspicuous angular cells. 



Caterpillar at birth. Head globose, larger, generally conspicuously larger, than the 

 thoracic segments, the tirst thoracic segment with a thickened dorsal shield, the body 

 uniformly cylindrical, furnished with longitudinal series of minute papillae, support- 

 ing short, straight, apically enlarged ))ristles, not more than one or two to a segment 

 in each row, never clustered. Often (or always?) also furnished with longitudinally 

 arranged series of chitinous annuli of a minute size. 



Mature caterpillar. Head large, completely free, generally rugose and pilose, and 

 furnished posteriorly with a collar-like ring of greater or less length, not found in any 

 other family, making a constricted neck. Body subcyliudrical, tapering toward either 

 extremity, ventrally flattened to a greater or less exteut, never moniliform, the seg- 

 ments distinctly sectioned, furnished with numerous minute papillae, each supporting 

 a short hair; on the shorter sections these have a somewhat regular transverse 

 arrangement ; there are also in many (all?) cases ranged series of minute chitinous annuli ; 

 the first thoracic segment has a corneous, dorsal, transverse shield, covering nearly 

 the whole segment ; spiracle of eighth abdominal segment larger than the other ab- 

 dominal spiracles and out of line with them. Legs and prolegs short. 



