140-4 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



Chrysalis (85 : 22, 25, 26). The chrysalis is dark brown, marked with blackish and 

 with testaceous ; sometimes the whole chrysalis is testaceous marked profusely with 

 irregular fine lines of brownish black in creases; these markings, however, are usually 

 confined to the pterothecae and back, the rest of the body l^eing darker ; sometimes the 

 whole front of the appendages between the wings is black; the thoracic spiracle 

 (87 : 11) is very broadly lined posteriorly with an ecjual, velvety, prominent, semicircu- 

 lar band ; the surface of most of the body is quite smooth, but the dorsum of themeso- 

 thorax is transversely and finely wrinkled, and the fifth to seventh abdominal segments 

 bear a broad but sharp carina in the middle encircling the whole body, the posterior 

 slope of which is more abrupt than the anterior; the ninth segment bears above a 

 waved, blunt, median, transverse carina, and below, a short, prominent, blunt, straight, 

 median carina, terminating at either end in a tubercle at the base of the creraaster; 

 cremaster (87 : 1) stout and transverse at the base, hollowed above and below, long, 

 rapidly tapering, curved downward in its apical half, terminating in a little, thickened, 

 blunt, transverse extremity, whicii is furnished with numerous hooks, projecting in 

 every direction from the tip and having their points turned in every direction ; these 

 hooks are very long and slender, strongly sinuate, the pedicel slightly curved near base 

 and tip, its tip slightly thickened, the hook incrassated from the pedicel on and bluntly 

 pointed, strongly curved and almost coiled. Whole about .15 mm. long, the curve of 

 the hook .05 mm. broad, the thickest part of the hook .1 mm. broad. 



Geographical distribution (27: 5). This butterfly has a wide 

 distribution, being a member equally of the Carolinian and Alleghanian 

 faimas and occurring in the southern half of the United States from the 

 Atlantic to the Pacific. It is found in abundance on the shores of the 

 Gulf of Mexico and in Florida it reaches at least as far as the St. John's 

 and Indian Rivers (Palmer) but has not been reported from the southern 

 half of the peninsida. In the south-west, Hulst states that it is the most 

 abundant of all butterflies in southern California and Arizona. Aaron 

 found it abundant in sotithern Texas, and it extends beyond our borders in 

 various parts of Mexico to Yucatan (Aaron) and the island of Puna, 

 Ecuador (Eugenics Resa). Aaron even states that he has seen a single 

 specimen from the upper Amazons, so that it jDrobably follow^s the back- 

 bone of the continent to this point.* In our own coimtry, on the Pacific 

 coast, it occurs in the greater part of California at least as far north as San 

 Francisco (H. Edwards), but it does not seem to occupy the elevated 

 central plateau excepting at its southern extremities, as in Arizona already 

 mentioned, the southern part of Utah, Mount Trumbull and Spring Lake 

 Villa (Palmer), and central Colorado, as at Engelmann and Piatt Caiions 

 (Snow) and South Park (Mead) ; but to the east it occurs as far north as 

 Fort Niobrara, Neb. (Carpenter) and Heart River Crossing, Dak. (Allen), 

 though east of this in the northernmost part of the Alleghanian faima it 

 begins to become infrequent. It is said to be common in Wisconsin by 

 Hoy, but it is "not common" in southern Michigan (Harrington). In On- 

 tario it is common at St. Catherine's (Beadle) and at Hamilton, "one of 

 the most abundant species" (Moffatt), but was not found at London by 

 Saunders, and Reed reports but two specimens as ever having been taken 



•Mabille says that there are two specimens in the Brussels Museum from Guiana 1 



