17G0 TlIK 15UTTEKFL1ES OF NEW ENGLAND. 



own country examples of gynandromorphism have been few. Edwards has 

 figured one or two, and with the exception of Cyaniris pseudargiohis, all 

 that have ijeen recorded are Papilioninae, — Laertias philenor, Jasoniades 

 glaucus and Papilio polyxenes. The most interesting is that of J. glaucus, 

 since the female side is represented by the dark form J. glaucus glaucus, 

 forming a fine contrast to the j'ellow male side. In that of Cyaniris, an- 

 droconia even were found on the male side. In one of Papilio polyxenes 

 the division affects the abdomen, half of which is male, half female, as the 

 appendages show. 



Then thei'e are those malformations which affect some point of the struc- 

 ture. Sometimes the antennae are disturbed, as when the distortion of a 

 joint throws the stalk out of line or when a suture becomes very oblique ; 

 some instances of this sort have been given in our text under Oeneis 

 eemidea, Vanessa atalanta, Speyeria idalia and Eurymus jjhilodice. But 

 it is more likely to affect the neuration, numerous instances of which have 

 been recorded abroad, and among the manuscripts of the late Lefebvre in 

 the French entomological society's library are notes and figures of some 

 that are very curious and which have never been published. A few minor 

 ones among our butterflies are noted above, under Oeneis semidea, Eup- 

 toieta claudia and Argynnis atlantis. 



It even happens that one whole wing may be altogether wanting. 

 Edwards gives such a case with Ijihiclides ajax. So, too, Bertkau is said 

 to have shown the Bonn natural history society a specimen of Polygonia 

 c-album with the left hind wing wanting, and Harding states (Entom., 

 xvi:257) that he has bred a number of Lepidoptera with one wing almost 

 or quite wanting, specifying among the butterflies two cases of Lemonias 

 aurinia and one of Limenitis sibylla. But stranger far than these cases 

 are a couple of instances, recorded and figured liy the untiring Westwood, 

 of a supernumerary hind wing. One was in Colias rhanini, tlie other in 

 Aglais urticae, and in both the supernumerary wing was imperfect ; in a 

 third case a supernumerary wing appears to have been de-s'cloped but to 

 have been completely amalgamated with the wing it accompanied, which 

 thereby had a vein and an ocellus too many ! Still a fourth case is given 

 by Rober of a supernumerary hind wing in Najas jiopuli, similar to the 

 first described by Westwood. 



The catalogue is not yet exhausted. It sometimes happens that in the 

 changes from caterpillar to chiysalis and from chrysalis to imago certain 

 parts normally cast still adhere to the creature. Thus Lehmann raised a 

 Schoenis cinxia in which a portion of the old caterj)illar skin witli its spines 

 remained attached, even intimately, to the abdomen of the butterfly, so 

 that it was not removable. And, most curious of all, the caterpillar head 

 has been known in several instances, collated with care by Hagen and 

 Westwood, to remain attached to the chrysalis and after that to the butter- 



