NYMPHALIDAE: APATURIDI. 1789 



gin ; the lowermost of these three spots is sometimes simple, sometimes, and then 

 smaller, enclosed in a large black spot with a tawny annulus, which is the normal con- 

 dition of a further succeeding spot in the same line, in the lowest median interspace, 

 only that the wliite is reduced to a mere pui)il or is totally aljsent ; tlie inner series of 

 pallid spots is strongly sinuous, lying midway between the cell and the outer row of 

 spots, excepting the pair in the medio-submediau interspace, wliich seem at first sight 

 to belong as much to the outer as to the inner series; there are two black bars cross- 

 ing tlie cell, one at its outer limit, straiglit and snbequal, the other usually broken into 

 two spots beyond the middle of the cell; outer border marked by a pre-apical black- 

 brown line on a lighter brown ground. Hind wings with a very sinuous series of oval, 

 black spots with a tawny areola crossing the outer half of the wing in all the inter- 

 spaces between the submedian and costal nervures ; the second from the top, which is 

 largest, outside and the lowest, which is smallest, inside of the straight line in which 

 the others fall ; tlie basal half of the wing shows more or less obscurely the markings 

 of the under surface through the wing, but tliere is sometimes added a series of more 

 or less obscure, pallid, triangular spots, crossing the middle of the wing in an arcuate 

 line in the subcostal and median interspaces ; outer margin marked by a pair of toler- 

 ably heavy, pre-marginal, blackish brown stripes, the outer nearly straight, the inner 

 more or less crenulate ; fringe of both wings pale, broadly interrupted by brown at the 

 nervule tips. 



Beneath, gray brown, clouded with dark brown, the markings of the upper surface 

 repeated witli variations. Fore Kings with the cellular spots brownish orange edged 

 with black, the extra-mesial white spots of the upper surface enlarged and margined 

 interiorly with a distinct, strongly sinuous, blackish brown stripe which shows the 

 double spot of the medio-submedian interspace to belong to this series rather than to 

 the outer; of the spots in the outer series, that in the lowest subcostal and in tlie two 

 median interspaces become distinct ocelli with rare exceptions, in whicli the spot is 

 velvety black with a large white pupil, excepting in the lowest median where it is a 

 mere dot surrounded by a distinct, brown edged, yellow annulus. Uiiid wings traversed 

 by a very irregular, sinuous, slender, mesial, dark brown stripe, followed outside and 

 inside, but especially oxitside, by a series of pallid lunules; while at the base of the 

 wiug. included in the cell and above it. are three or four slender, transverse bars of 

 gray-brown, heavily margined with dark brown ; the spots of the upper surface are re- 

 peated beneath as distinct ocelli, and oue is added in the subraedio-internal interspace 

 opposite the tip of the abdomen ; wliile that in the medio-submedian interspace is fre- 

 quently double internally, being enclosed by a common outer ring of dark Ijrown ; 

 these ocelli are generally faintly pupiled with pale blue and consist of a roundish oval, 

 longitudinal, black brown spot, narrowly encircled with yellow and this with dark 

 brown. Expanse of wings, 48-55. 



The following descriptions of the early stages are those of W. H. Edwards, altered 

 only to conform to the system employed in the present work : — 



Egg. Color pale green; in shape nearly spherical, flattened at base, and having 

 eighteen slightly prominent, vertical ribs and many fine, horizontal, equidistant striae. 



Caterpillar. First stage. Head round, bilobed, twice tlie diameter of the second 

 segment, black, covered with tubercles. Body whitish-green, cylindrical, thickest at 

 first thoracic segment, tapering gradually to the last, whichis slightly forked; surface 

 covered with minute tubercles from each of which springs a short hair. Length, 2 mm. 



Second stage. Head either black, or purple, or green, the mandibles and ocelli brown 

 in case green prevails; at the vertices large, green, stag-horn processes, with three 

 fleshy prongs at top, smaller prongs below and at base, and three along the side of the 

 head below the horns, the tips usually purple or black. Body yellow-green, the dor- 

 sum covered by a band composed of yellow tubercles arranged in two longitudinal 

 rows, with cross rows upon the anterior part of each segment, the remaining space on 

 the posterior part of the segment green ; along the side a crenated line, and below the 

 spiracles a straight line, each formed of yellow tubercles; scattered tubercles over 

 the whole upper surface; tail forked and roughly tuberculated. Length, 5 mm. 



