EXPLANATION OF PLATE 87. 

 Miscellaneous Structural Details in all Stages. 



All the figures are borrowetl Irom earlier piiblieatioiis. Figs. 3, 5, 9, IG, 23, and 2.5 from Mr. Burgess's 

 article in the Amerioan naturalist ; tigs. 14 anil 10 from Mr Eilwarils'.s paper in the Canadian entomologist; tigs.' 

 7 and 20 from Mr. Riley in various publications; tigs. 17 and l.S are copied from Mr. Holmgren's paper in the 

 Entomologisk tidskrift; and tig. 22 from Mr. Frohawk's notice in the Entomologist; all the others are from my 

 "Butterflies." Printed at the University Press, Cambridge. 



1. Epanjijreus lityrus. Last segment of body of 

 chrysalis, showing (a) the cremaster |, and (')) the 

 cremastral hook ^. 



2. ifrt»irt*-i/«s JO (of Europe). Undeveloped wing 

 as it appears in the interior of the caterpillar {. 



3. Anosia plexippns. Interior view of the bottom 

 of the head of the itiiago to show the top of the 

 pliaryngeal sac and the muscles which distend it ^i"^. 

 cl, clypeus; cor, cornea of the eye; oe. oesopha* 

 gus; fill, frontal muscles; dm, dorsal muscles; 

 Im, lateral muscles; pm, muscles moving the pal- 

 pus. 



4. Enrijmus philodice. Ventral view of the front 

 portion of the chrysalis, sliowingthe separate piece 

 (b) covering the base of the tongue |; t, tongue 

 sheath; a, anteunal sheath; 1, 2, first and second 

 pairs of legs. 



5. Anosia plexippus. Longitudinal section of the 

 head of imago to show the pharyngeal sac ^. rax, 

 left maxilla (the right removed) ; mfl, floor of 

 mouth cavity or pharyngeal sac; oe, oesophagus; 

 ov, oral valve; scl, salivary duct; dm, fin, dor- 

 sal and frontal muscles which open the sac. Above 

 the sac are seen the cut ends of the transversely 

 encircling muscles which close the sac. 



6. Euphoeades troihis. Ventral view of front 

 portion of chrysalis, showing the sheaths of the 

 various appendages f. t, tongue sheath; a, anteu- 

 nal sheath; 1, 2, flr.st and second pairs of legs. 

 Compare fig. 1.5. 



7. Chloripipe, clijton. Front view of the head of the 

 caterpillar at dift'ereut .stages, a, at first stage; h, 

 at second; c, at third; d, at fourth; e, at fifth. 

 The natural size is indicated by the lines adjoining. 



8. Xanthidia nicippe. Club of antenna of imago, 

 seen from the inner lower side, to show the shal- 

 low pits in each joint ^. 



9. Anosia plmppxts. Longitudinal section of one 

 of the maxillae of the imago to show the interior 

 muscles (»h) which coil it. and the nerve (») and 

 tracliea {tr) which pass through it. About ^p. 



10. Anosia plexippus. Side view of front end of 

 caterpillar to show the vesicle on under surface of 

 the first thoracic segment f. At the right it is 

 seen from beneath and behind, showing the trans- 

 verse slit at apex. 



11. Ejiar/ji/rens titi/rvs. Side view of front end of 

 the chrysalis, showing at * the thoracic spiracle f. 



12. Epargyrens titijnis. Cocoon and chrysalis, the 

 front of the fonner removed to expose the latter 



and show the two Y-shaped shrouds by which it 

 is suspended |. Cf. pi. 86, fig. 26. 



13. Euvanessaantiopa. Leg of third thoracic joint 

 of caterpillar seen from behind i. 



14. Cijaniris psevdaryiolus. Extensile organs on 

 the eighth abdominal segment of the caterpillar -'j^. 

 a, with the spicules expanded ; b, when partially 

 withdrawn ; c, one of the spicules still further en- 

 larged. Cf. fig. 19. 



Ii5. Euphoeades troilus. The same as flg. 6, with 

 the covering of the legs and part of the wing re- 

 moved on one side, to show how the hind tibia and 

 tarsus are concealed beneath the wings, outside 

 of the antennae f . 



16. Anosia plexippus. Head of caterpillar seen 

 from beneath ^. lb, labrum; mtZ, mandible ; mx, 

 maxilla with two palpi ; Im, labium with one pair of 

 palpi; s, spinneret; «, antenna (the bristle not 

 shown) ; 0, ocelli. 



17. Oeneis jutta. Caterpillar, second stage -f. 



18. Oeneis jutta. Caterpillar, third stage f . 



19. Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Dorsal view of ter- 

 minal segments of the caterpillar f. a, spiracles; 

 ?), extensile organs; shown in flg. 14: c, transverse 

 vesicle. 



20. Anosia plexippus. Showing changes from cat- 

 erpillar to chrysalis j-. a, suspended caterpillar 

 just before rending of the skin ; b, limp chrysalis, 

 just before the cremaster is withdrawn ; c, chry- 

 salis just after witlidrawal of cremaster. Ideal fig- 

 ures, illustrating the old view of pupation. 



21. Euvanessa antiopa. Proleg of caterpillar ; o, 

 seen from the side f ; b, circlet of hooks at tip, 

 seen from beneath f ; c, one of these hooks ^. 



22. Thanaos tages (of Europe). Imago at rest 

 for the night on one surface of a head of grass, 

 which is bowed by its weight. 



23. Anosia plexippus. Cross section of the spiral 

 tongue of the imago, the anterior portion upper- 

 most, to show the mode in which the two halves 

 unite to form a central canal through which the 

 fluid food ascends ^^. c, central canal; tr. tra- 

 cheae; n, nerves; m,m^, muscles of one side. 



24. Euphoeades troilus. Side view of head of 

 chrysalis to sliow the eye. f. 



25. Anosia plexippus. Front view of deuuded 

 head of imago Y- oc, compound eyes: a. base 

 of antennae; el, clypeus; lb, labrum; md, mandi- 

 ble, edged with bristles; tk, base of maxillae or 

 spiral tongue. 



