192 WHALE-FISHERV. 



are secured by tree-nails and bolts driven intd tlie 

 timbers of the ship's bow. Across these pointers 

 four or five smaller timbers, called riders , disposed 

 at regular distances, are placed at right angles; 

 that is, in the same direction as the ribs of the ship. 

 Now, from each of the points of intersection of the 

 riders and pointers, consisting of 16 or 20 on each 

 side of the ship, a stanchion or shore proceeds 

 to the edge of one of the two ice-beams, placed 

 on the same side, where it is secured in a rahhet. 

 About five of these shores pass from the intersections 

 of the riders with the upper pointer, to the external 

 or nearest ice-beam ; five others from the intersec- 

 tions of the riders with the lower pointer, to the se- 

 cond ice-beam ; and the remaining ten, from the 

 intersections of the riders on the middle pointers, are 

 equally distributed between the same two ice-beams 

 lying on that side. Eight or ten shores, therefore, 

 terminate in the rabbet of each ice-beam. Lastly, 

 the ice-beams are supported and connected by seve- 

 ral strong pieces of wood, placed between each two 

 in different parts, called carlings, whereby they are 

 made to bear as one. Hence, it is evident, that a 

 blow received on the starboard bow, will be impres- 

 sed on the adjoining pointers, and the impression 

 communicated through the medium of the lateral 

 timbers or shores to the two ice-beams on the same 

 side ; from thence by the carlings to the other ice- 

 beams, and then by the shores on the opposite side. 



