ARTIODACTYLA 3 



B. The bones of the t^\■o horizontal rows of the wrist 



arranged vertically one above the other, the 



OS magnum consequently articulating with the 



lunar or cuneiform, but not with the scaphoid. 

 a. Bodily size small ; muzzle normal ; func- 

 tional toes 4 in front and 8 Ijehind ; 

 cheek-teeth rhinoceros-like ; front teeth 

 well developed. Restricted to Africa, 



Syria, and Arabia Hyracoidea. 



h. Bodily size large ; upper lip and nose pro- 

 duced into a long flexible trunk ; cheek- 

 teeth consisting of a number of tall 

 transverse vertical plates, of which 

 there are fewest in the first and most in 

 the last tooth of the series ; front teeth 

 reduced to a pair of large rootless upper 

 incisors (tusks). Restricted to South- 

 eastern Asia and Africa at the present 

 day, but formerly as widely spread as the 

 order Proboscidea. 



The first two suborders are frequently brigaded together 

 as Ungulata Vera, or Diplarthra, and the last two as 

 Subungulata. 



Some writers, on the other hand, exclude the Hyracoidea 

 and Proboscidea from the Ungulata, which will then, so far 

 at least as existing forms are concerned, consist of two main 

 groups, the Artiodactyla, in which the main axis of the 

 foot lies between the third and fourth digits, producing the 

 well-known cloven hoof, and the Perissodactyla, in which 

 the main axis of the foot passes through the middle of the 

 third toe. 



SUBORDER I.- ARTIODACTYLA. 



The " even-toed " ungulates include by far the greater 

 number of the living representatives of the whole order, 

 comprising as they do all the ruminants together with the 

 hippopotamuses and swine. 



The toes, of which there may be either four or two on each 

 foot, are even in number, with those corresponding to the 

 third and fourth of the typical seiies of five subequal, larger 

 than the lateral pair (when these are present), and symmetrical 

 to a vertical line between them. The number of the 

 combined dorsal and lumbar vertebrre is usually nineteen. 



B 2 



