CAPPJNaE 131 



h^. Beard longer; back frequently with 

 light saddle : horns very large, 



with very broad front surface C. sibirica. 



b". Front surface of horns narrower C. nubiana. 



c". Front surface of horns forming a sharp 



ridge C. hircus. 



c. Horns forming a corkscrew-like or screw-like 

 heteronymous spiral, with the tips everted ; 

 beard forming a fringe on throat and chest C. falconeri. 



AM^ 



I. CAPRA CAUCASICA. 



Capra caucasica, Gi'ddenstdclt, in Pallas, Acta Ac. Petrop. vol iii 

 pt, 2, p. 278, 1779. 



The synonomy is given under the heading of the local 

 races of this and the next species. 



Typical locality Central Caucasus in the neighbourhood 

 of Malka and Backsan, to the east of Mount Elbruz. 



A heavily built goat, with more or less bharal-like horns 

 of the "perverted" homonymous type, and a short curling 

 beard. The horns are generally marked only by irregular 

 transverse lines, but in the typical race may show slight 

 knots on the front surface; they have a double curve, and 

 the tips are directed inwards and upwards. 



A. — Capra caucasica cylindricornis. 



Ovis cylindricornis, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 68. 



.Egoceros pallasi, Bouiller, Bull. Soc. Moscow, vol. xiv, p. 908, pi xi 



1841. 

 Capra caucasica, Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Europ. p. 28, 



1840 ; Blasius, Sliugeth. Deutschl. p. 479, 1857 ; Sclater, Proc. 



Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 315. 



Ovis pallasi, Beichenbach, Naturgeschichte Wiederkduer, pi. xlix 

 1846. 



^goceros caucasica. Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 148, 1852. 



Capra pallasi, Badde, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 553 ; Ward, Records 

 of Big Game, p. 235, 1896. 



Capra cylindricornis, Biicliner, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Petersh. vol. xxxv. 

 No. 8, p. 21, 1887 ; Menzbier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 618 * 

 Satu7iin, Zool. Jalirb. Abt. fiir Syst. vol. ix, p. 312, 1896 ; Ward, 

 Becords of Big Game, p. 235, 1896, ed. 6, p. 385, 1910 ; Poiisar- 

 gites, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1898, p. 159; Lydel-hcr, Wild 

 Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 242, pi. xx, 1898, Great and Small 

 Game of Europe, etc. p. 141, 1901, Field, vol. cxiii, p. 379, 1909; 

 Dinnik, Zool. Beob. vol. xHx, p. 336, 1908; Trouessart, Faune 

 Mamm. Europe, p. 241, 1910; Pococl; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, 

 p. 866. 



Eastern Tur. 



K 2 



