5. PHYSALUS. 141 



developed. Transverse process of the atlas arising from the upper 

 half of the side of the body, long, tapering, conical, pointed directly 

 outwards. Upper and lower transverse processes, from the second 

 to the sixth vertebrae, well developed, broad, flat (and united at the 

 ends in the adult, forming complete rings ?). Head of the first rib 

 simple, articulating with the transverse process of the first dorsal 

 vertebra. Second, third, and sometimes the foui'th ribs with capi- 

 tular processes, reaching nearly to the bodies of the vertebrae. 

 Sternum broader than long, in the form of a short broad cross, of 

 which the posterior arm is very narrow ; it might perhaps be com- 

 pared to the heraldic trefoil ; it is subject, however, to considerable 

 individual modifications."— i^/ower, P. Z. S. 1864, 392. 



The upper maxillary bone is rather broad, gradually tapering, 

 with a straight outer edge ; the intermaxillaries are moderate, and 

 the nasal very small. The frontal bone is broad and short, suddenly 

 narrowed on the outer side, and truncated over the orbit. The 

 lower jaw slender, arched, with a distinct elevated ramus near the 

 base (see Eschr. & Eeinh. p. 544). The atlas vertebra with a sub- 

 circular body ; the lateral processes cylindrical and near the middle 

 of the side. The second cervical vertebra has a broad, more or less 

 elongated lateral process, which is pierced near the base with an 

 oblong perforation : the upper margin of the perforation is narrow, 

 and the lower edge much broader. The other cervical vertebraa 

 have two lateral processes, which are often united at the ends into 

 a more or less broad ring. The body of the cervical vertebrae is ob- 

 long, transverse, broader than high. The neural arch is long, with 

 an oblong transverse canal for the spinal marrow, which is much 

 broader than it is high. The front ribs compressed, thin, with a 

 broad, more or less elongated expansion on the inner edge near the 

 condyle. The scapula high, with a broad coracoid process near the 

 joint. 



The baleen forms three or four concentric lines on the palate, the 

 rows forming transverse lines. The plates of the inner rows are 

 short, of the outer elongate triangular ; they are all fiinged on the 

 inner obhque side. (See Ravin, Ann. Sci. Nat. v. 270. t. 11. f. 5-10 ; 

 see also Rosenthal, Abhandl. K. Acad. Berlin, 1827, 127.) 



The shape of the lateral process of the second cervical vertebra 

 seems to be a good character of the genus. The perforation at the 

 base of it is rather above the middle of the base of the process, so 

 that the upper margin is narrower than the lower. In the genus 

 Balcejiopfera it is nearly in the centre of the base. 



" The first pair of ribs is not articulated to the first dorsal vertebra, 

 nor to any vertebra whatever ; the head of it is buried in a mass of 

 ligament which connects all the upper lateral processes of the cer- 

 \ical and the first dorsal vertebra together. 



" No articulating surface exists in these processes on the first dorsal 

 vertebra. The articulating surfaces are well marked on all the other 

 dorsal vertebrae. This shows the use of the lateral apophyses and their 

 great development in some species." — Heddle, P. Z. S. 1856, 197. 



" In a glassy sea near Wick, a Finner rushed round us in every 



