120 THE HORSE. 



p Orbicidarts oris (circular muscle of the mouth), surrounding' the mouth; to close the 



lips, aii<l dilate the nostrils. 

 q Upper portion of the parotid g-land (gland near the ear) reversed, to show the blood-ves- 



seU and nerves beneath it. 

 r Parotid duct, piercing the cheek, to discharge the saliva into the mouth. 

 M Ma.xillary gland (gland of the lower jaw) with its duct. 

 t Ju2:ular (neck) vein, after the two branches have united. 

 tt Atthis letter, the submaxillary artery, a branch of the jugular and the parotid duct 



pass under and within the angle of the lower jaw: they come out again at w, and 



clinil) up the check, to be distributed over the face, 

 r Vein and artery, passing under the zygomatic arch. 

 X A brancli of the fifth pair, the sensitive nerve of the face, emerging from under the 



parotid gland. 

 y Main branch of the portio dura (hard portion) of the seventh pair, the motor (moving) 



nerve of the face, coming out from beneath the parotid gland, to spread ovei 



the face. 

 * Branches of both nerves, with small blood-vessels. 



There are also four distinct cartilages attached to the nostrils, which, by 

 their elasticity, bring back the nostrils to their former dimensions, as soon 

 as the muscles cease to act. The bones of the nose (a a, p. 66, and/", p. 

 63), are also sharpened off to a point, to give wider range for the action of 

 the muscles; while the cartilages are so contrived, as not only to discharge 

 the office we have mentioned, but to protect this projection of bone from 

 injury. 



There are two circumstances which, more than any others, will enable 

 the veterinary surgeon, and the owner of a horse, accurately to judge of 

 the character and degree of many diseases, and to which very few pay 

 sufficient attention ; these are the pulse, of which we shall presently speak, 

 and the colour of the membrane of the nose, at which we have hinted, a 

 few pages back, and of which we would again remind the reader. It is 

 the custom of most veterinary surgeons, and of almost every horseman 

 who takes any pains to ascertain for himself the state of his sick horse, to 

 turn down the under eyelid, and to form his opinion by the colour which itsj 

 lining presents. If it be very red, there is considerable fever ; if it be of 

 a pale pinkish hue, there is little danger. The nose is more easily got at ; 

 the surface presented to the view is more extensive ; the sympathy with 

 almost all the important organs is greater ; and the changes produced by 

 disease are more striking and more conclusive. Let the reader first make 

 himself well acquainted with the uniform pale pink appearance of that por- 

 tion of the membrane which covers the lower part of the cartilaginous par- 

 tition between the nostrils, when the horse is in health, and quiet; then the 

 increased blush of red, betokening some excitement of the system ; the 

 streaked appearance of inflammation commenced, and threatening to increase 

 — the intense florid red, of acute inflammation ; the pale ground with patches 

 of vivid red, showing the half-subdued, but still-e.xisting fever ; the uniform 

 colour, although somewhat redder than natural, predicting a return to a 

 healthy circulation ; the paleness approaching to white, marking the stage 

 of debility, and sometimes intermingled with radiations of crimson, inducing 

 the suspicion of lurking mischief; and the dark livid colour of approach, 

 ing stagna'.:on of tiie vital current : these, with all their shades or difference, 

 will be guides to his opinion and treatment, which every one who has studied 

 them will highly appreciate. 



