ON DRAUGHT. 407 



were 2s. per day ; and, at this rate, the labour of a horse of the value of 

 20/. would cost 60/. l'2s. per year; or, since there are 312 workuig days 

 in the year, the daily expense would be 3^. lOld., or 186 farthings. But 

 the power of a horse is about 125 lbs. when travelling at the rate of three 

 miles per hour, and the day's work eighteen miles. 



" The annual expense of a high-pressure locomotive engine, or steam 

 carriage, consists of — 



"1. The interest of the first cost. 



"2. Decrease of value. 



"3. Hazard of accidents. 



"4. Value of coals and water. 



"5. Renewals and repairs. 



"6. Expense of attendance. 



"It is difficult to procure these particulars from the experience of tnose 

 who employ engines; we will therefore annex, by way of example, such 

 sums as we think likely to cover the expense. The first cost of the engine 

 and its carriage may be stated at 50/. per horse power, and its decrease of 

 value and hazard will render its annual expense about one-fifth of its first 

 cost, or 10/. per annum per horse power. The expense of fuel and water 

 per day will be not less than one bushel and a half of coals per horse 

 power, and fourteen cubic feet of water; and, taking the coals at 6ri. per 

 bushel, and the water and loading with fuel at Sd., the annual expense 

 will be 15/. 12s.; the renewals and repairs, at 20 per cent, on the first 

 cost, will be 10/., which is as little as can be expected to cover them. 

 Attendance, suppose one man and one boy for each six-horse engine, at 

 6s. per day, or Is. per day for each horse power, or 15/. 12s. per annum; 

 therefore the total annual expense of one-horse power would be 51/. 4s., 

 or 158 farthings per day." This power is equal to a force of traction of 

 166| lbs. for the same number of miles per day as the horse; but from 

 this gross amount of power we must deduct that necessary to move the 

 engine with its supply of coals: this will reduce it at least to 155 lbs.; 

 consequently, in the one case we have a force of traction of 125 lbs., at 

 an expense of 186 farthings, and, in the other, a force of 155 lbs. at an 

 expense of 158 farthings; and reducing them both to one standai'd quantity 

 of work done, we find the expense of the horse is •|-||:=1.4&8, and of the 

 locomotive engine 1.019, or about as 147 is to 100. In this case, therefore, 

 there appears to be a decided economy in the use of the steam-engine, and 

 accordingly its application has become very general, and is becoming more 

 60 every day. 



Let us now examine what alterations are requisite, before we can 

 apply these calculations to the case of draught upon common roads. Sup- 

 posing both species of power equally convenient and applicable, and 

 confining our observations merely to the amount of power and pi'opor- 

 tionate expense. 



The force of traction of the horse, and the yearly cost, will remain so 

 nearly the same, that for our present purpose we may consider them quite 

 unaltered. Not exactly so with the locomotive engine. 



All the parts of the machine must be made much stronger and heavier, 

 and consequently more expensive for road work than for a railway, and, 

 therefore, the first cost will be greater — the wear and tear will also be 

 greater, and as the work will be more variable, the consumption of fuel 

 will be increased as well as the price, which, generally speaking, will be 

 much less on a line of railway, than it can possibly be elsewhere. 



Still, all these circumstances will not influence the result so much as the 

 increased effect of the weight of the engine. On a railway with the car- 



