Is paleopathology a relevant predictor of contemporary health patterns? • 



17 



Moore. L.G.. P.W. Van Arsdale. J.E. Glittenberg. and R.A. Al- 

 drich. 1980. The Biocullural Basis o) Health. St. Louis: C.V. 

 Mosby. 



Nciburger. E.K. 1987. Paleopathology and the Health Status ot the 

 American Indian. Paleopathology Newsletter. 59:1 1-14. 



Niswander, J.D.. M.V. Barrow, and F.J. Bingle. 1975. Congenital 

 Malformations in the American Indian. Social Biology. 22:203- 

 215. 



Nordin. B.E.C. 1966. International Patterns of Osteoporosis. 

 Ctinica Ortopedica. 45:17-30. 



1983. Osteoporosis with Particular Reference to the Meno- 

 pause. In L.V. Avioli, ed.. The Osteoporotic Syndrome, pages 

 13-44. New York: Grune and Stratton. 



Nutrition Canada. 1980. Anthropometry Report. Ottawa: National 

 Health and Welfare. 



OttenhofI, T.H.M.. P. Torres, J.T. de las Aguas, R. Fernandez. W. 

 van Hden. R.R.P. de Vries. and J.L. Stanford. 1986. Evidence 

 for an HLA-DR4Associated Immune-Response Gene for My- 

 cobacterium tuberculosis. The Lancet. 9:310-313. 



Perzigian. A.J.. andL. Widmer. 1978. Evidence for Tuberculosis in 

 a Prehistoric Population. Journal of the American Medical Asso- 

 ciation. 241:2643-2646. 



Pfeiffer. S. 1980. Why Bother with Buriah? Newsletter. Museum of 

 Indian Archaeology. 2:4. 



1984. Paleopathology in an Iroquoian Ossuary, with Spe- 

 cial Reference to Tuberculosis. American Journal of Physical 

 Anthropology. 65: 1 8 1 - 1 89. 



Pfeiffer, S., and P. King. 1983. Cortical Bone Formation and Diet 

 among Protohistoric Iroquoians. American Journal of Physical 

 Anthropology. 60:23-28. 



Price. J. A. 1979. Indians of Canada. Scarborough, Canada: 

 Prentice-Hall. 



Purifoy, F.E. 1 98 1. Endocrine-Environment Interaction in Human 

 Variability. Annual Review of Anthropology. 10:141-162. 



Ribot. C F. Tremollieres, J.-M. Bonneu, F. Germain, and J. P. 

 Louvct. 1988. Obesity and Post-Menopausal Bone Loss: The 

 Influence of Obesity on Vertebral Density and Bone Turnover in 

 Postmenopausal Women. Bone, 8:327-331. 



Ruff. C.B.. and W.C. Hayes. 1983. Cross-Sectional Geometry of 

 Pecos Pueblo Femora and Tibiae — A Biomcchanical Investiga- 

 tion, vol. 1 1. Sex. Age and Side Differences. American Journal 

 of Physical Anthropology 60:383-400. 



Saul. P.P. 1972. The Human Skeletal Remains of Altar de Sacri- 

 fieios. Papers of the Peabody Museum. Archaeology and Ethnol- 

 ogy. 63(2). 



Schaefer. O. 1971. Otitis Media and Bottle-Feeding. An Epi- 

 demiological Study of Infant Feeding Habits and Incidence of 

 Recurrent and Chronic Middle Ear Disease in Canadian Eskimos. 

 Canadian Journal of Public Health. 62:478-489. 



Short. C.L. 1974. The Antiquity of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis 

 and Rheumatism. 17:193-205. 



Sievers, M.L., and J.R. Fisher. 1981. Diseases of North American 

 Indians. In H. Rothschild, ed., Biocultural Aspects of Disease. 

 191-252. New York: Academic Press. 



Statistics Canada. 1984. Canada' s Native People. Ottawa: Minister 

 of Supply and Services. 



Thompson. D D.. and M. Gunness-Hey. 1981. Bone Mincral- 



Osteon Analysis of Yupik-lnupiaq Skeletons. American Journal 

 of Physical Anthropology. 55: 1-7. 



Timmermans. F.J.. and S. Gerson. 1980. Chronic Granulomatous 

 Otitis Media in Bottle-Fed Inuit Children. Canadian Medical 

 Association Journal, 122:545-547. 



Tobias. P. V. 1983. Hominid Evolution in Africa. Canadian Journal 

 of Anthropology. 3:163-186. 



Trigger. B.G. 1969. The Huron. Farmers of the North. New York: 

 Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 



1976. The Children ofAataentsic. a History of the Huron 



People to 1660. Montreal: McGill-Qucen's University Press. 



Tungavik Federation of Nunavut. 1987. Land Claims. National 

 Parks. Protected Areas and Renewable Resource Economy. In 

 J.G. NeLson. R. Needham. and L. Nonon. eds. . Arctic Heritage. 

 285-297. Proceedings of a symposium, August 24-28. 1985. 

 Banff, Alberta, Canada. Ottawa: Association of Canadian Uni- 

 versities tor Northern Studies. 



Walker, J.M. 1975. Generalized Joint Laxity in Igloolik Eskimos 

 and in Island Lake Amerindians. Human Biology. 47:263-275. 



Watts. E.S. 1981. The Biological Race Concept and Diseases of 

 Modem Man. In H.R. Rothschild, ed.. Biocultural Aspects of 

 New York. 3-24. New York: Academic Press. 



Wellmann. K.F. 1972. New Mexico's Mutilated Hand: Finger Mu- 

 tilation and Polydactylism in North American Indian Rock Art. 

 Journal of the American Medical Association. 219:1 609- 1610. 



Weiss, K.M., R.E. Fcrrcll, and C.L. Hanis. 1984. A New World 

 Syndrome of Metabolic Diseases with a Genetic and Evolution- 

 ary Basis. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 27:153-178. 



Wong, P.C.N. 1966. Fracture Epidemiology in a Mixed South- 

 eastern Asian Community (Singapore). Clinica Ortopedica. 

 45:55-61. 



Yano. K..R.D. Wasnich.J.M. Vogel. and L. Heilbrun. 1984. Bone 

 Mineral Measurements among Middle-Aged and Elderly Japa- 

 nese Residents in Hawaii. American Journal of Epidemiology, 

 119:751-764. 



Summary of audience discussion: There are limits of time and 

 funding for research in paleopathology. Given those limitations one 

 may question whether or nol it is realistic to develop an elaborate 

 data protocol and research design as part of our research endeavors. 

 If one cannot draw reliable conclusions from the published reports 

 on palcopathological specimens, many of the really important ques- 

 tions in paleopathology will not be answered. There is a threshold of 

 content and quality that needs to be met or the published research is 

 likely to be of minimal value. 



The establishment of general data protocols need not unduly limit 

 the creativity of a researcher. There cannot be significant progress 

 on many palcopathological problems unless there is a minimal base 

 of reliable data that can be used in proposing generalizations and 

 building theory. To do that will require generally accepted descrip- 

 tive terms and a classificatory system that will allow us to at least 

 count the number of cases in different categories. Furthermore, 

 since lesions arc critical to classification, we must study every 

 available bone for evidence of disease. That is a lot of work but there 

 can be no paleoepidemiology if that is not done. 



Zagreb Paleopathology Symp. 1988 



