70 • W.W. Hauswirth, CD. Dickel, G.H. Doran, P.J. Laipis, and D.N. Dickel 



saturated matrix may be an important factor in soft tissue and 

 DNA preservation. 



Nucleic acids (especially mtDNA) recovered from pre- 

 historic populations could prove enormously useful in an- 

 thropological studies of population genetics. Several re- 

 searchers maintain reservations about the reliability of 

 mtDNA for cladistic studies (branching relationships) ( Jones 

 and Rouhani 1986; Slatkin 1987; Vawter and Brown 1986; 

 Wainscoat 1987; Wainscoat et al. 1986). However, several 

 teams have suggested that restriction maps of mtDNA may 

 be useful for the study of cladistic relationships, timing of 

 divergence, and investigations of multiple vs. single origins 

 of populations. The characteristics that make mtDNA studies 

 attractive are its high mutation rate (estimated 10 times that 

 of nuclear DNA) (Cann et al. 1984; Cann and Wilson 1983; 

 Wainscoat 1987) and its uniparental and haploid pattern of 

 inheritance (Cann etal. 1987;Greenbergetal. I983;Johnson 

 etal. 1 983 :Whittam etal. 1986; Wilson etal. 1985). Several 

 pilot studies have used mtDNA data to investigate the place 

 and timing of the origin of modem Homo sapiens sapiens 

 (Cann etal. 1987; Denaro etal. 1981;Greenberget al. 1983; 

 Johnson et al. 1983). Other anthropological studies have in- 

 vestigated southwestern United States Amerind and Asian 

 diversity and relationships (Wallace et al. 1985) and genetic 

 homogeneity of woridwide Jewish populations (Meyers 

 1985). 



While there is reason for caution in the interpretation of 

 mtDNA data (e.g., see Wainscoat 1987), there is little doubt 

 that prehistoric mtDNA from ancient Amerind and other 

 populations would be an extraordinary find if intact enough 

 for investigating gene flow, bottle necks and population di- 

 vergence. Although it remains uncertain whether the Win- 

 dover material will provide the preservation needed for these 

 types of studies, the preservation of mtDNA in this soft tissue 

 suggests mtDNA may also be found in tissues from other 

 archeological sites. 



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