108 • Douglas W. Owsley 



Table 3. Two-factor analysis of variance of femur 

 measurements by time period and sex 



Variable Souxe 



DF 



M 



NI 



CA 



ML 



Sum of 

 squares 



PR>F 



Model 



Time 



Sex 



Interaction 



Error 



TOTAL 



Model 



Time 



Sex 



Interaction 



Error 



TOTAL 



TOTAL 



Model 



Time 



Sex 



Interaction 



Error 



TOTAL 



Model 



Time 



Sex 



Interaction 



Error 



TOTAL 



Model 



Time 



Sex 



Interaction 



Error 



TOTAL 



7 

 3 

 1 

 3 

 236 



243 



7 

 3 

 1 

 3 

 236 



243 



Model 7 



Time 3 



Sex 1 



Interaction 3 



Error 236 



243 



7 

 3 

 1 

 3 

 236 



243 



7 

 3 

 1 

 3 

 236 



7 

 3 

 1 

 3 

 203 



210 



226.61 

 89.81 

 39.04 

 17.49 



748.57 



975.18 



495.64 

 56.23 



202.78 

 15.35 



632.76 



1128.40 



144.62 



42.25 



63.87 



6.89 



622.45 



767.07 



0.11 

 0.09 

 0.00 

 0.02 

 0.80 



0.91 



443280.83 

 39578.65 



207997.53 

 12656.08 



697817.91 



243 1141098.74 



78253.13 



1552.64 



43241.22 



852.13 



78320.04 



156573.17 



10.21 

 9.44 



12.31 

 1.84 



26.41 

 6.99 



75.63 

 1.91 



7.83 



5.34 



24.21 



0.87 



4.48 

 8.43 

 0.08 

 1.49 



21.42 

 4.46 



70.34 

 1.43 



28.98 



1.34 



112.08 



0.74 



0.0001 

 0.0001 

 0.0005 

 0.14 



0.0001 

 0.0002 

 0.0001 

 0.13 



0.0001 

 0.001 

 0.0001 

 0.46 



0.0001 

 0.0001 

 0.78 

 0.22 



0.0001 

 0.0045 

 0.0001 

 0.24 



0.0001 

 0.26 

 0.0001 

 0.53 



NOTE: Sums of squares for time period, sex and interaction are 

 Type III. For variable abbreviations see Table 2. 



The interpretation of the overall pat- 

 terns revealed by the variables C and NI 

 and CA offers insight into the nutrition- 

 al status of the post-contact Arikara. 

 Specific reference to the archeological 

 and ethnohistorical records helps 

 clarify the historical events that affected 

 food resources and reserves. 



Discussion 



The period after Euro-American con- 

 tact was one of dramatic change. 

 Arikara villages were located along the 

 flood plain and lower terraces of the 

 Missouri River valley (Lehmer 1971). 

 Their mixed subsistence strategy was 

 based on the gathering of wild plants, 

 the cultivating of com. beans, squash, 

 and sunflowers, trading, and hunting, 

 especially of bison. Initially, their war- 

 riors controlled activities on the river. 

 Because of their ideal geographic loca- 

 tion, the villagers actively participated 

 in intertribal exchange networks, reap- 

 ing profits as middlemen between 

 groups bringing aboriginal and Euro- 

 pean trade materials from the eastern 

 woodlands and others in the southern 

 Plains and the southwest (Ewers 1955; 

 Orser 1984; Wood 1980). This trade 

 network had its roots in the Prehistoric 

 period. Following contact, the tradi- 

 tional pattern expanded to include the 

 movement of horses and European 

 goods. The Arikara intensified their 

 horticultural activities during the early 

 contact period to produce surpluses for 

 exchange. 



The early contact period before 1 750 

 has been described as a prosperous and 

 stable period for the Arikara as re- 

 flected archeologically in the number 

 and sizes of their villages and associ- 

 ated midden deposits. Cache pit size 

 and number increased during this 

 period suggesting increased hor- 

 ticultural productivity (Lehmer and 

 Jones 1968). Some evidence also sug- 

 gests that shifts in climatic conditions 

 produced perceptible differences in the 

 archeological patterns of Extended 

 Coalescent and Post-Contact Coales- 

 cent sites: 



Zagreb Paleopathology Symp 1988 



