130 • Takao Suzuki 



SAKHALIN 



CHINA 



JAPAN 



Figure 1. Major archeological sites from which skeletal 

 remains were used in this study. Jomon sites (small black 

 circles): a. Nakazawahama; i>, Ubayama;r, Kasori;^/. Hobi; 

 e. Yoshigo;/, Ko; g. Tsugumo; h, Yosekura. Yayio, Kofun. 

 and Medieval sites (large black circles): a, Katsuyama-Tate; 

 b. Unoki-Kofun; c. Shiroyama-Kofun; d, Zaimokuza; 

 e. Ichino-Torii. Edo (old Tokyo) sites: open squares. Early 

 modem Japanese sites: open triangles. Ainu sites: open cir- 

 cles. 



TAXONOMY OF INFLAMMATORY CHANGE IN THE BONE 



The periosteum, cortex, and medulla of bone have such a 

 close relationship that infectious change occurring in one part 

 of the bone cannot help but influence another part. In dry- 

 bone specimens, almost all infections usually can be 

 classified as either osteomyelitis or periostitis. Periostitis is 

 defined as periosteal reactive bone changes with irregular, 

 fine-porous and spongy deposition located only exterior to 

 the cortex with no involvement of the underlying cortex. The 

 most common feature of such periosteal reaction tends to be 

 "plaquelike" periostitis (Figure 2) which may show various 

 degrees of severity or stages, as stated by Stothers and 

 Metress (1975). Osteomyelitis is defined as infiammatory 

 changes spread through the medullary cavity and, in many 

 cases, the cortical bone. The most common feature of sup- 

 purative osteomyelitis is characterized by sequestrum, invol- 

 ucrum, and cloacal formation, particularly in the long bones 

 (Figure 3). As is well known, there is an uncommon form of 

 chronic osteomyelitis characterized by remarkable scleros- 

 ing of the lesion without any cloacal openings, which can 

 usually be seen in the shafts of the lower extremities of adults 

 (Figure 4), the so called "sclerosing osteomyelitis of Garre." 

 From the viewpoint of modem clinicopathology, inflam- 

 matory changes in living tissue are usually classified into two 

 categories: nonspecific inflammation and specific inflamma- 

 tion. This classification is also available in the paleopatho- 

 logical field and actually has been used by some authors 

 (e.g., Putschar 1966:60; Stothers and Metress 1975; Stein- 

 bock 1976:60,86; Ortner and Putschar 1981:104,129-138; 

 Goodman et al. 1984). In this study, therefore, inflammatory 

 bone changes are also categorized into two groups, non- 

 specific and specific bone inflammation. In the dry-bone 

 specimen, nonspecific inflammation can be defined as an 



923 



246 97 165 167 158 166 



172 136 139 114 



106 113 113 ID 113 113 



173 67 99 101 94 100 



Zagreb Paleopathology Symp. 1988 



