138 • Takao Suzuki 



Conclusions 



A paleopathological study emphasizing infectious bone dis- 

 eases was conducted on the skeletal mateinals from Jomon 

 (prehistoric) to Meiji (early modem) Japanese and the Ainu 

 f)eople. The frequencies, sex differences, and severity of the 

 inflammatory lesions in the bones are presented as well as 

 some interesting cases from various archeological sites. A 

 taxonomical problem in the description of inflammatory 

 changes is also discussed. 



Among a large numberof the Jomon skeletal remains there 

 was no evidence of specific infectious diseases. The inflam- 

 matory changes represented by slight/moderate plaquelike 

 periostitis in the Jomon series seemed to be caused only by 

 nonspecific infections. On the other hand, the other skeletal 

 series included not only typical/demonstrable bone tuber- 

 culosis and syphilis but also chronic/advanced osteomyelitis 

 besides ordinary plaquelike periostitis, which document the 

 coexistence of both nonspecific and specific infections in the 

 Edo, Meiji, and Ainu populations. This difference found 

 between the Jomon and the other series was consistent with 

 biocultural differences such as the introduction of agricul- 

 ture, settlement, increase ofpopulation density and urbaniza- 

 tion in this country. 



The qualitative changes of bone infection by the two spe- 

 cific infectious diseases of tuberculosis and syphilis were 

 also considered from the standpoint of their origin (transi- 

 tion), dissemination and prevalence in this country. 



Acknowledgments 



The author is deeply indebted to Professor Akio Yamauchi of 

 the Department of Anatomy (III), Faculty of Medicine, The 

 University of Tokyo, Professor Kazuro Hanihara and Associ- 

 ate Professor Banri Endo of the Department of Anthropol- 

 ogy, Faculty of Science, The University of Tokyo, and Pro- 

 fessor Jiro Ikeda of the Department of Anthropology, Kyoto 

 University, for their kind permission to examine the valuable 

 materials in their universities. 



The author is also very grateful to Professor Yoshiatsu 

 Naito of the Department of Anatomy (II), Faculty of Medi- 

 cine, Nagasaki University, and Professor Takahiko Ogata of 

 the Department of Oral Anatomy (II), Kagoshima University 

 Dental School, for allowing him to use their valuable illustra- 

 tions of infectious diseases in the bones. 



The author also wishes to express his gratitude to Donald J. 

 Ortner, Curator of the Department of Anthropology, Smith- 

 sonian Institution, for his kindness in reading the manuscript 

 and offering many helpful suggestions. 



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