182 • Eugen Strouhal 



wrappings on their bottom. A large, globular storage vessel 

 stood in the NE comer of the burial chamber. 



EMBALMING METHOD 



Several black spots could be observed on the skull. Bones of 

 the lower extremities (except the missing femora) were 

 stained with a dark, almost violet color. Both are traces of 

 resin used to smear the wrappings during embalming. Some 

 textile fragments with pieces of stiffened resin were found 

 among the bones and fragments of wood of the inner coffin. 

 Remnants of dried brain were still present in the cerebral 

 cavity. The nasal skeleton was found intact. Both these find- 

 ings attest that brain removal was not performed, being re- 

 served only for persons of royal or high official rank during 

 the Middle Kingdom times (Strouhal 1986:145). 



AGE 



Cranial sutures showed a progressive state of obliteration 

 (C3, S2 -(- 3, LI + 2). The complete dentition (with only 

 crowns of right upper C and left upper I 1 and 2 broken off) 

 was considerably abraded, ranging from points of exposed 

 dentine on lower M3 to complete removal of the crowns on 

 upper left C and upper right premolars, but without pulp 

 exposure. A caries lesion was present on the left lower M2, 

 destroying the distal half of the crown and, through involve- 

 ment of the pulp, causing a great, longitudinally oriented 

 oval cyst opening on the outer aspect of the alveolar process 

 (13 X 7 mm, depth 7 mm). Resorption of the alveolar process 

 was of medium degree according to the scale of Brothwell 

 (1963:150). Considerable deposits of dental calculus were 

 accumulated on the upper left molars and on all lower premo- 

 lars both buccally and lingually, and on the lower molars 

 lingually. Medium large deposits were present on the upper 

 right molars lingually (according to the scale of Brothwell). 



All epiphyseal and apophyseal fissures of the postcranial 

 skeleton were completely fused. Pubic symphysis relief re- 

 sembled phase 8 of Todd (1920) pointing to the range of 39- 

 44 years. No synostosis of the sternal parts occurred. Only 

 beginnings of lipping on the left humeral head and a rugged 

 surface of the tubercula minora could be observed. The 

 femora were missing. Slight osteophytic outgrowths were 

 present on the patellae, and some of medium size on the 

 calcanei. No arthritic changes were apparent in any joint. 

 The grade of vertebral osteophytosis in sections not directly 

 involved in the pathological changes to be described (CI -7, 

 T 1 -8 , L2-5 , S 1 ) was mostly of medium degree (osteophytes 

 more than 3 mm long but not bridging) or slight (osteophytes 

 less than 3 mm). Spondylarthrosis could be detected in joints 

 T6-7 and T7-8 and osteochondrosis of intervertebral discs 

 between C5-6 and C6-7, both probably related to the main 

 pathology of the spine. 



According to the described features the individual died 

 between 40 and 50 years of age. 



SEX 



In spite of only a slightly developed glabella (Broca 2) and 

 supraorbital arches (Eickstedt 2) as well as of nasofrontal 

 transition on a medium curved arch, most other secondary 

 sexual features pointed to the male sex. There was a slightly 

 oblique forehead, a medium protuberantia occipitalis externa 

 (Broca 2), a medium thick and long mastoid process with a 

 deep incisura mastoidea, a medium thick upper orbital mar- 

 gin, slightly to medium developed marginal process, a well- 

 developed muscular relief of the nuchal and mandibular re- 

 gions, a slightly averted mandibular angle, and a broad 

 square chin. In addition moderately developed apophyses of 

 the pelvis, a medium deep and large ischiatic notch, absence 

 of a preauricular sulcus, a big oval foramen obturatum, a 

 sagittally narrow pelvic inlet, an outstanding pubic tubercle, 

 a flaring lower aspect of the pubic bone, an acute subpubic 

 angle (50°), and a low ischio-pubic index (left 65.0, right 

 61.3, according to Thieme and Schull 1957:269) all indicate 

 the male sex unequivocally. 



GENERAL PHYSICAL FEATURES 



The body build was moderately robust, with musculature 

 developed to a medium degree on the lower limbs and 

 slightly less developed musculature on the upper limbs. Sta- 

 ture was reconstructed according to the tables of Trotter and 

 Gleser ( 1 952) for American Negroes, which were found to fit 

 better to proportions of the Nubians (Strouhal and Jungwirth 

 1984:119-122) as well as Egyptians (Robins 1983:17-20), 

 and appeared high (171 .4 cm). 



SPINAL PATHOLOGY 



The vertebral column viewed from the sides was strongly 

 bent in the lower thoracic third (Figures 1 ,2). The bodies of 

 five vertebrae — T9 to LI — were completely merged and 

 their neural arches, intervertebral joints, and ventral portions 

 of the interspinous ligaments (the last except TlO-1 1, Fig- 

 ures 3-5) were also fused. While the body of LI retained its 

 individual shape, bodies of the last four thoracic vertebrae 

 had almost disappeared and their remnants joined into an 

 uniform, wedge-shaped formation (anterior height 2 mm, 

 posterior height 36 mm) merging with the wedge-shaped 

 body of LI (anterior height 7 mm, posterior height 20 mm). 

 The radiogram (Figure 6) revealed a regular, strain- 

 conditioned trabecular structure without remnants of residual 

 cavities or intervertebral spaces. The right side of the forma- 

 tion was covered by a thin layer of newly formed bone with 

 fine, radial ridges on its surface. The left side was strength- 

 ened by a thickly ossified lateral longitudinal ligament, en- 

 compassing also the 1 0th costovertebral joint. 



Vertebra T8 also had a wedge-shaped body (anterior height 

 5 mm, posterior height 20 mm) and it was firmly fused with 

 the mentioned formation in intervertebral joints as well as by 



Zagreb Httleopathology Symp. I9H8 



