Secondary hyperparathyroidism in an Andean mummy • 293 



Figure 4. Right kidney demonstrat- 

 ing moderate atrophy and moderate 

 hydroureter. 



Figure 5. X-ray of right icidney de- 

 monstrating diffuse nephrocalci- 

 nosis in the form of multiple small 

 (1 mm) radiodensities scattered 

 through the parenchyma and a calcu- 

 lus in the lower pole. 



LUNGS: Mild fibrosis was present, but no bacteria or patho- 

 genic fungi were seen. 



heart: The light-colored material on the pericardial surface 

 was amorphous, consistent with fibrin. No bacilli were dem- 

 onstrated. 



neck: Although no epithelium survived, both reticulum and 

 conventional stains identify a well-defined glandular pattern 

 with amorphous material occupying the centers of the 

 glandlike structures. 



X-RAYS 



kidneys: Many small (1-3 mm), irregular opacities were 

 scattered through both kidneys, more densely in the left one. 

 Films exf)osed after removal of the larger calculus revealed 

 the smaller one still impacted in the lower pole (Figure 5). 



Zagreb Paleopathology Symp. 1988 



bones: Mild, diffuse osteoporosis was evident but no sub- 

 periosteal erosion or cortical tunneling changes could be 

 identified, and the lamina dura surrounding the teeth was 

 intact. No cystic changes were apparent. 



SPECIAL STUDIES 



kidneys: Only a few of the crystals became refractile when 

 viewed under polarized light. Electron microprobe FDXA 

 demonstrated high levels of phosphorus and potassium in 

 most, calcium in a few, and small amounts of magnesium in 

 many. Occasionally small amounts of iron, sodium, sulfur 

 and chlorine were present. The larger, calcified masses con- 

 tained much phosphorus, potassium, and lesser amounts of 

 calcium. Sections treated as outlined by Johnson and Pani 

 (1962) revealed the reactions expected with calcium oxalate 

 crystals except that most did not stain with alizarin red S. 

 Constituent compounds composing the larger calculus are: 



