THE NATURAL HISTOEY OF CTPBUS. 397 



Siliqua, L.), is a native of the island, covering the tops and sides of 

 the dry hills, which are incapable of cultivation. In its wild state, 

 however, the fruits are almost dry and scarcely sweet, and the suc- 

 culent sweetness of the better sorts is the result of careful cultivation. 

 Plants raised from seeds of these better sorts, soon revert to the con- 

 dition of the wild plant. The cultivated plants are, therefore, all 

 grafted, and this is done not only in gardens, but to the old plants on 

 the hill sides, the branches of which are lopped off, and a twig of the 

 plant to be grafted inserted into the stem of some of the large 

 branches. This rough sort of grafting seems to succeed well with 

 this hardy plant. The Carob cultivation is chiefly carried on on the 

 south coast, and large sheds are built near the ports on the coast, to 

 store the pods in previous to exportation. In the island itself they 

 are not much eaten, but are used for feeding cattle, and the pre- 

 paration of brandy by distillation. For the latter purpose they are 

 largely exported, chiefly to Trieste. The produce has amounted in 

 some years to about 5000 tons ; but as the export is a monopoly in the 

 hands of the Turkish Government, which pays the cultivator a 

 wretched pittance, it has of late been found more profitable to cut 

 down the Carob trees. 



Ladanum is an exudation from a species of rock rose {Gistus 

 creticus, L.), which abounds on the drier slopes of the northern moun- 

 tain mass, most abundantly to the westward, at elevations between 

 2,500 and 5,000 feet. It is also found not only in Candia (where 

 also Ladanum is collected), but in Ehodes, Sicily, and Grreece. This 

 resin has been known from remote antiquity, and the mode of ob- 

 taining it, still in use in the island, is mentioned by Herodotus and 

 Pliny. It is a secretion from compound hairs, composed of many 

 cells, which cover the under sides and margins of the leaves, as well 

 as the petioles and young shoots, and is collected from the beards of 

 the goats, which feed upon the plant. In Candia, as Tournefort has 

 long ago told us, the Ladanum is collected by a sort of rake, or coarse 

 brush with leathern thongs, with which the brushes are beaten. Ac- 

 cording to Pococke and others, a somewhat similar instrument is 

 used in Cyprus, in which long strips of wool are the vehicle for de- 

 taching the resin ; but these instruments are certainly no longer in 

 use in this island. 



In connection with the Ladanum plant, Dr. Unger enters into 

 a curious discussion respecting the derivation of the name of the 

 island, upon which depends, as is well known, that of Copper (aes 



