520 THE NATURAL HISTORY EEVIEW. 



monuments of course, are not all referable to one period, nor to one 

 race of men, but are mainly referable to the Neolithic and Bronze 

 ages ; " no known interment (with the exception, perhaps, of the 

 Cave of Aurignac, &c.) beinj; to be referred with any reasonable 

 probability to the Palaeolithic Age." 



The " Pfahlbauten " or Lake-habitations of Switzerland, to which 

 our author next turns his attention, are well known from the writings 

 of Dr. Keller, M. Tryon, Dr. Eutimeyer, M. Morlot and others. 

 Tliey are mostly referable to the Stone age — those of the Bronze 

 period being less generally distributed, and having been, as yet, only 

 found on the western lakes. 



In the Iron age they seem to have become almost deserted — pile 

 dwellings referable to that period having been observed only on the 

 Lakes of Bienne and Neufchatel. The Fauna of the Pile-dwellings, 

 which has been so ably worked out by Professor Butimeyer, occupies 

 a middle position between that of the river-gravels on the one hand 

 and the present Swiss Fauna on the other. Distinguished from the 

 latter '* by the possession of the Urus, the Bison, the Elk, the Stag, 

 " and the Wild Boar, as well as by the more general distribution of 

 " the Beaver, the Bear, and the Ibex, &c., it differs from that of the 

 *' gravel-drifts in the absence of the Mammoth, the Khinoceros, the 

 " Cave-bear, and the Cave-hyena.'* 



The heaps of refuse cast out by the ancient inhabitants of Den- 

 mark, in the vicinity of their habitations, and often called by the 

 Danish term " Kjokken-modding," though the English form of the 

 word, (" kitchen-midding ") seems preferable for ordinary use, have 

 been worked out by the savants of Denmark, no less energetically and 

 successfully than the pile-dwellings of Switzerland by the Naturalists 

 and Archaeologists of the latter country. Sir John Lubbock gives us a 

 careful resume of the results thus arrived at, and, on the whole, comes 

 to the conclusion that these shell-mounds represent a definite period in 

 the history of that country, and are probably referable to the early part 

 of the Neolithic age. Carrying our imagination back to this period, 

 says our author, " we see before us on the low shores of the Danish 

 " Archipelago a race of small men with heavy overhanging brows, 

 " round heads, and faces probably murh like those of the present 

 " Laplanders. As they must evidently have had some protection 

 " from the w eather, it is most probable that they lived in tents 

 " made of skins. The total absence of metal in the kjokken- 

 " moddings proves that they had not yet any weapons except those 



