t- iß 2. Elementar-Organisationslehre. 



die Fähigkeit besitzt, sich selbst zu beobachten und mit der Umgebuung zu 

 vergleichen. Somit wären die Anfänge des beim Menschen so hoch ent- 

 wickelten Introspektionsvermögens, der Basis der ganzen Höherentwicklung 

 zur menschlichen Psyche, schon bei den Affen nachzuweisen. — Endlich spricht 

 sich der Verf. über die Bewußtseinsfrage und über die Bedeutung parallel- 

 laufender hirnanatomischer und tierpsychologischer Untersuchungen aus. 



Koehler (München). 



1524) Pearl, R., Biometrie ideas and methods in biology: their signi- 

 ficance and limitations. 



(Scientia 10. p. 101—119. 1911.) 



The author briefly sketches the rise and progress of biometry as a method 

 of research in anthropology and biology, pointing out that Karl Pearson 

 founded biometry as a definite branch of biology by his series of mathematical 

 memoirs published between 1895 and 1900. It is then shown that the use 

 of biometric methods does not imply any particular theory of heredity or 

 Variation, and that the real purpose of biometry is the quantitative treatment 

 of biology. Biometry is therefore fundamentally a descriptive, not an ex- 

 perimental science, its real funetion being the aecurate and complete descrip- 

 tion of group relationships, which cannot be adequately dealt with except by 

 the use of mathematical devices. The particular usefulness of biometry for 

 biology lies in the fact that it solves the problem of describing the group in 

 terms, not of the individuals, but of its attributes and qualities. Biometry 

 also emphasizes the importance of the „probable error" coneept, and also 

 makes it possible to deal with many biological phenomena which only show 

 „correlation", and not a direct „cause and effect" relationship. 



Some of the limitations and errors attaching to the use of biometric 

 methods are then pointed out. In biometric studies of inheritance the assump- 

 tion is tacitly made that a determination of the correlation in somatic charac- 

 ters between genetically related individuals is an adequate measure of the 

 intensity of inheritance between those individuals. This assumption is ob- 

 viously contrary to the experimental results, as shown by Mendelian and 

 other hereditary behaviour. Pedigree work with pure lines, etc., shows that 

 there are two distinet categories of variations, one type of Variation being in- 

 herited and the other not, while the „law of ancestral inheritance" disregards 

 this fact, assuming that all variations are of equal significance in heredity. 

 While biometry furnishes a valuable and refined extension of the descriptive 

 method, it is futile to attempt to draw conclusions regarding inheritance from 

 studies involving only correlation tables. Gates (London). 



1525) Jordan, H., Die Lebenserscheinungen und der naturphilo- 

 sophische Monismus. (Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1911. 8°. VIII. 190 S.) 



(Biolog. Zentralbl. 31,21. p. 682-6«7. 1911.) 

 Autoreferat. Koehler (München). 



2. Elementar-Organisationslehre. 



(Siebe auch Nr. 1579, 15S0, 15S5, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608 1609, 

 1611, 1612, 1613, 1615, lÖlß, 1618, 1619, 1620, 162S, 1631, 1633, 1639, 1610, 1644, 1646, 



1649, 1651, 1653, 1662, 1700, 1720) 



1526) Janicki, C. (Istituto di Anat. compar. Univ. Kom), Zur Kenntnis 

 des Parabasalapparats bei parasitischen Flagellaten. 



(Biolog. Zentralbl. 31,11. p. 321-330. 8 Textfig. 1911.) 

 Bei allen untersuchten Arten (Devescovina striata Foä, var. hawaiensis, 



