558 



2. Elementar-Organisationslekre. 



The bee to select an artifact marked with alternate red 

 and green longitudinal stripes when associated with 



. °3 



o'C 



•7. +■> 



c 



& 



o £ 





u 

 <D 



PH 



Ohe of each of the following artifacts: piain green, 

 piain red, mottled red and green, marked with alter- 

 nate black and white longitudinal stripes, marked 

 with alternate red and green transverse stripes; the 

 artifact to be selected contained honey, the others 

 were empty 



One of each of the following artifacts: piain green, 

 piain red, mottled red and green, marked with alter- 

 nate black and white longitudinal stripes, marked 

 with alternate red and green transverse stripes; none 

 of the artifacts contained honey 



Any one of the artifacts mentioned in the rectangle 

 immediately above this one; the bees being given an 

 equal number of chances at each of the five pairs; 

 none of the artifacts contained honey 



Grand Total 



84 



30 



100 

 518 



70 



30 



100 

 508 





 10 



89,3 



100,00 



100,00 

 98,5 



„After a bee had learned, by experience, that artifacts bearing a certain 

 color pattern contained a more copious supply of easily obtained honey than 

 ordinary flowers, it would select artifacts bearing that color pattern from those 

 marked in a different way. This was true: 1. when several of the artifacts 

 to be selected were scattered among a number of piain artifacts of the colors 

 used in making the color-pattern (Ex. 6 — 11); 2. when the artifact to be 

 selected was scattered among several other artifacts, some of which were piain 

 and some of which were marked with patterns unlike that of the artifact "to 

 be chosen (Ex. 12 — 15, 17, 18); 3. when the only difference between the arti- 

 facts was that one was marked with transverse and the other with longitu- 

 dinal stripes (Ex. 16); 4. when the artifact to be selected contained the honey 

 and the others did not (Ex. 8, 12 — 17); 5. when honey was to be found not 

 only in the artifact to be selected, but in some of the other artifacts also 

 (Ex. 9); 6. when none of the artifacts contained honey (Ex. 10, 11, 18, 19)." 



„Evidently bees cau distinguish between color-patterns, and this is of 

 value to them in recognizing plants that yield honey. Hence, since insects 

 can distinguish colors and the fine details of color pattern, there is nothing 

 about the Visual powers of bees that mitigates against the theory that the 

 colors and the color markings of flowers are adaptations to insect visitors." 



Lillie (Chicago). 

 1553) Wodsedalek, J. E., Phototactic Reactions and their Keversal 

 in the May-fly Nymphs Heptagenia interpunctata (Say). 

 (ßiological Bulletin 21,5. p. 265— 271. 1911.) 



Preliminary experiments established that the nymphs are practically all 

 negatively phototactic, though different individuals vary in the intensity of 

 their response; and out of about 500 — 600 specimens, several were quite 

 indifferent and a few were even weakly positive. The reaction of decidedly 

 negative individuals is however, reversed by adding various chemicals to the 

 water. Thus, if HCl added to the amount of -01°/ , of 20 originally negative 

 specimens 4 became positive; when the concentration was increased to -02%, 

 8 became positive; at -03%, 15 were positive, and at -04°/ 19 were positive. 

 CO., produced similar results; also tartaric acid •04°/ , nitric acid -03°/ , 

 sulphuric acid -03 / , etc. Similar results were obtained with the salts, thus 



