Parasiten. 361 



Schalen, mit vielen außerhalb befindlichen kleinen Stacheln, die eine dünne 

 Schwammschale bilden. D. velata nov. sp. 



Prunoidea: Vom Genus Druppotr actus die neue Spezies irregulär is. 



Ferner Spongosa polyacantha nov. sp., Spongolina eUipsoides nov. sp., Cyphorium 

 tnonozonium nov. sp. Neu sind weiters: Cypassis cingulata, Piripanartus irrcgularis 

 und pachystylus. 



Das neue Genus Monaxonium (Zygartiden mit doppelter Kortikalschale und 

 dreifacher Medullarschale). M. perforatum nov. sp. 



Discoidea: Sethostaarus parvulus nov. sp., neu sind ferner: Ommatodiscus ana- 

 cantlms, Stylodictya polygonia, Trilöbatum acuferum und tribracJüum, AmpMbrachium 

 monstrosum, Amphicraspedum anomahim, Euchilonia aequipondala, Eistriastrum 

 guadratum, Monozonium pacJiystylum, AmpMpyle asptra und horrida, Spironium 

 cochlearium. 



Sehr eigenartig ist Cristallospliaera eristalloides nov. gen. nov. sp.: „Einzelne 

 lebende Spumellarien mit rundlichen einzeln im intrakapsulären Weichkörper 

 verteilten Skelettkörpern"; die systematische Stellung konnte nicht festgestellt 

 werden, die Skelettmassen erinnern einigermaßen an die Kristalle der Collo- 

 sphäridem 



Die beigegebenen Abbildungen sind weit besser als in den bisherigen Ar- 

 beiten des bekannten Verf. ausgeführt. Stiasny. 



Parasiten. 



1061) Kellogg, T. L., Ectoparasites of Mammals. In: Amer. Naturalist, 

 Bd. 48, Heft 5, S. 257—279, 1914. 



The Mallophaga or biting lice and the Anoplura or lice that suck blood are 

 permanent ectoparasites on the mammals. The fauna of any mammals skin is 

 therefore a closely inbred population. This condition leads to abundant intra- 

 specific Variation, which on account of the uniformity of habitat grows but 

 slowly into specific differences. Each group contains over 100 species, but they 

 have hitherto been included in very few genera, and the great mass of Mallo- 

 phaga are included in the genus Trichodectes, and of Anoplura in Haeniatopiums. 



The similar parasites on birds were considered in a former paper (Amer. 

 Nat., March 1913), and the general thesis advanced here as well is that "the 

 host distribution of these wingless permanent ectoparasites is governed more by 

 the genetic relationships of the hosts than by their geographic ränge or by any 

 other ecologic conditions". 



In the second part of the paper the füll and interesting details of the dis- 

 tribution of these parasites on mammals in all parts of the world is given. One 

 type of parasite in common to man and the apes, while these is replaced in the 

 lower monkeys by another species — a probably significant fact indicating that 

 man is more nearly related to the Simiidae than the latter are to the lower 

 monkeys. Many cases are found in which related species, even when widely se- 

 parated geographically, have the same ectoparasites, from which it is concluded 

 that the distribution of these parasites may be valuable in determing the rela- 

 tionships of the host animals. Gates. 



1062) Schröder, B., Über Planktonepibionten. In: Biolog. Centralbl., Bd. 

 34, Heft 5, S. 328—338, 1914. 



Der Verf. schlägt vor, Epiphyten und Epizoen des Planktons, d. h. die 

 tierischen oder pflanzlichen Organismen, welche auf Planktonten leben, als 

 „Planktonepibionten" zusammenzufassen; Organismen, die innerhalb der Plank- 



