7. Restitutionslehre. 349 



it may be bilateral or rarely median, and varies in extent. When it is com- 

 plete, t he clefl extends between the maxilla and premaxilla. The Palate may 

 ',,,• clefl also, oi- may be cleft without abnormality of the Ups. The enihryonic 

 origin of the mouth rogiou is described, and it is shown that hare-lip etc. 

 tre due to the incomplcte development of the nasal and maxillary processes. 

 Various causes have heen Buggested, but its bereditary character and not un- 

 oommoD association with other signs of degeneracy suggest t hat it is of ger- 

 minal origin rat her tlian caused by adhesions of the aranion or other extrinsic 

 factors. Among normal populations defects of Ups or palate occur in less 

 than 0,1 per cent. ; among criminals, deaf-mutes and others showing signs of 

 degeneracy the percentage is higher. Some forms are commoner than others, 

 the most frequent being complete unilateral hare-lip with cleft palate. Males 

 IN ntore often affected than females. Similar defects occur in the lower 

 mammals, possibly in birds and fishes. A historical sketch is given of the 

 evidenee for its hereditary nature and of suggestions as to its cause. 



Hare-lip and cleft palate are associated with many other congenital de- 

 fects; some other defect is probably present in at least 4 or 5 per cent. of 

 - 3, and multiple deformities are frequent. The tables of associated de- 

 formities given show not only association with defects of the head and in 

 fact of all parts of the body, as might perhaps be expected from the fact 

 that the condition arises from „arrested" development, but also rather fre- 

 quent association with polydactyly (21 out of 122 cases in which some other 

 abnormality was present). 



The pedigrees show that the affection is transmitted by both affected and 

 normal individuals, and no regularity is observable. The defect in one gene- 

 ration is not necessarily the same as in another, e. g. a person with hare-lip 

 has grand-children with cleft palate; or the parent of a hare lipped child 

 lacks one upper lateral incisor tooth. Also, other abnormalities occur in 

 memhers of affected families who have not hare-lip or cleft palate. 



Doncaster (Cambridge). 



f>97) Adler, J. E. and Mc. J. Intosb (London, Hospital), Histological 

 Examination of a Case of Albinism. 



(Biometrica 7,3. p. 237—243. 2 Piatee, 1 table. 1910.) 

 The authors describe post-mortem obscrvations on a female child 10 weck - 

 old. The child had an alhino brother, but no known albinism in its ancestry 

 (pedigree given). The skin, hair and irides were totally devoid of pigment. 

 Mo-t of the internal organs were normal, but pigment was completely lacking 

 in the brain, the iris, retina and choroid of the eyes, the internal ear, and 

 the snprarenal gland. All these organs and also the skin and hair were exa- 

 mined in microscopic sections, and no trace of melanin pigment was detected. 

 It is suggested that since no pigment had appeared ad 10 weeks, the child 

 would have remained totally unpigmented had it lived. (Cf. Nr. 633). 



Doncaster (Cambridge). 



7. Restitutionslehre. 



(Siehe auch Nr. 627, 629, 634, 64S, 650, 699, 715.) 



f>9K) LigSitzky, E. (anatom.-biolog. Instit. Berlin), Durch experimentelle 

 Eingriffe hervorgerufene überzählige Extremitäten hei Am- 

 phi bien. 



(Arch. f. rr.ikr. Anat. 75,3. p. 587—633. 3 Taf. 3 Fig. 1910.) 

 V rt. hat an Kaulquappen von Rana fusca und esculenta nach Durch- 



