22 Insecta. 



rivers. Some of the factors which probably help to cause this change in dis- 

 tribution are (l) increasing coldness at night, (2) bot unclouded days, and (3) 

 diminisbed humidity : the author therefore undertook laboratory-experiments to 

 determine the importance of these factors. He was led to the conclusion that 

 (1) Cr. pdlpalls can endure a lowering of temperature to 10*^ — 7° C; (2) direct 

 sunlight is rapidly fatal to it, especially in conjunction with dryness, but when 

 water is present it is able to endure direct sunlight longer; (3) exposure for one 

 hour to a temperature of 40° — 41*' C. is fatal, and higher temperatures are more 

 rapidly fatal. In some of the experiments the 5 seemed to be more sensitive to 

 rise of temperature, but less affected l)y cold, than the d": such facts might help 

 to determine the proportions of the sexes found under different atmospheric con- 

 ditions. Flies were also kept at a temperature of 40** — 41*^ C, without water, in 

 jars shaded by Covers of different colours: those shaded by red, blue or yellow 

 Covers endured the high temperature longer than those shaded by green covers 

 or by thick brown paper. Notes on the feeding and digestion are also given. 



H. Scott (Cambridge). 



75) Simpson, J. J., Coloiir Conventions to indicate the distribution of 

 blood-sucking insects and the diseases they transmit. In: Bull. Ent. Rese- 

 arch, Bd. II, Heft 4, S. 297—299, PL VI, 1912. 



The author states that the only scheme hitherto used for graphically representing 

 on maps the distribution of insects and of the diseases transmitted by them, -was that 

 of the Sleeping Sickness Bureau, which used red to designate sleeping sickness, and 

 certain other colours for certain species of Glossina. Many more species of Glossina are 

 now known, and additional means of representing them are necessary: the author there- 

 fore suggests a new scheme. He retains red as the designation of sleeping sickness, and 

 assigns one colour to each of the 4 groups of species of Glossina: — blue to the pal- 

 palis-growp, green to the morsitans-gTowp , brown to the /?<scrf-group, and orange to the 

 brev)pal2)is-gvou\). He distinguishes between the species in each group by the use of 

 Tarious Symbols (circle, triangle, etc.), these being printed in the colour of the group to 

 which the sjiecies belongs. A symbol is added for undetermined species of Glossina, 

 and additional symbols are suggested for new species that may be discovered in the 

 future. The whole scheme of colours and symbols is shown in the plate. 



H. Scott (Cambridge). 



76) Simpson, J. J., Entomological Research in British West Africa. 

 IL Northern Nigeria. In: Bull. Ent. Research, Bd. II, Heft 4, S. 301—356, 

 PL Vn— XVI and map., 1912. 



This is a report of the author's travels in Northern Nigeria as Travelling 

 Entomologist of the Entomological Research Committee (London). After an In- 

 troductory Section are given 3 Sections on the general characters of the country, 

 which deal with (I) Geography of N. Nigeria, (LI) its Climate and Rainfall, (III) 

 its Population and native tribes. Section IV is devoted to the narrative of the 

 author's journeys: it contains descriptions of the places visited and of the general 

 nature of the country passed through, and füll accountsof bis entomological ob- 

 servations, which liave reference almost entirely to the distribution and habits 

 of blood-sucking flies (especially Glossina and Tabanidae) and other blood-sucking 

 Arthropods. In Section V is given a list of all the blood-sucking Arthropods 

 recorded from Northern Nigeria, amounting to 34 species of Culicidae, 33 species 

 of Tabanidae, 10 species of Muscidae, 3 species of Hippoboscidae, 2 species of 

 Siphonaptera, and 10 species of Acari. Section VI contains the native names 

 for certain diseases and insects which transmit disease. Section VII deals with 

 the 5 species of Glossina recorded from Northern Nigeria, namely G. paJpalis, 

 G. tachinoidcs , G. longipalpiis, G. fiisca., and G. sp. This last is either G. morsitans 

 Westw. or G. submorsitans Newst.: the distinctions between these two are dis- 



