Insecta. 339 



1090) Leugerken, H. v., Cicindela hybrida L. und Cic. maritima Labr. In: Berl. 

 entom. Zeitschr., Bd. 57, Heft 1/2, S. 19—20, 3 Abb., 1912. 



An großem Material konnte der Verf. diese beiden Formen, die bald als Arten, 

 bald als Subspecies aufgeführt werden, in bezug auf die strittigen Punkte untersuchen. 



Sie stellen offenbar nur Unterarten einer Art dar; neben verschiedenen nicht ganz 

 konstanten Merkmalen hat sich als einziges sicheres Kennzeichen der Küstenform mari- 

 tima die Beschaffenheit der Hinterflügel ergeben, auf die Bise ho ff zuerst hingewiesen 

 hat. Es sind nämlich die Alae zerknittert, dünn und leicht zerreiübar, das Flügelgeäder 

 hell durchscheinend, die Cubitaladern nicht scharf ausgeprägt, und überhaupt das Chitin 

 des ganzen Körpers hinfälliger als bei hybrida. P. Schulze (Berlin). 



1091) Carpenter, G. H. and Mac Dowell, M. C. (Dublin), The mouth-parts 

 of some beetle larvae (Dascillidae and Scarabaeidae), which espe- 

 cial reference to the Maxillulae and Hypopharynx. In: Quart. Journ. 

 Micr. Sei., Bd. 57, Heft 4, S. 373—396, Taf. 35—37, 1912. 



The mouth-parts of the larvae of Helodes minuta, Dascillus cervinus, Geotrupes 

 sp. and Plnjllopertlia horticola are described and compared. In the root-eating 

 larvae of Dascillus and PliyUopcrtha , and in the dung-eating Geotrupes^ there is 

 asyrametry in the labrum and epipharynx, and in the hypopharynx, certain spines, 

 teeth etc. being asymmetrically arranged. In Helodes these parts are symmetrical. 

 In Helodes maxillulae are present, articulating with a condyle on the hypopharynx. 

 In the other 3 genera they can also be traced, but become successively reduced 

 and degenerate: thus, in Dascillus they are present as prominent sclerites, but 

 fused, not articulated, with the hypopharynx; in Geotrupes they are present as 

 lobes of the hypopharynx bearing groups of spines; in Phyllopertha, in which the 

 hypopharynx is very asymmetrical, a toothed lobe representing a maxillula is 

 present on the left-hand side, but no maxillula has been ti-aced on the right-hand 

 side. Thus these interesting organs are definitely recognised in larvae of Endo- 

 pterygote insects: they are wöll-developed in the campodeiform Dascillid larvae 

 and much reduced in the erucifonn Scarabaeid larvae, a condition strongly sup- 

 porting the view that the campodeiform is the primitive type of larva. Support 

 is also given to the view that the labial segment was primitively a trunk-segment, 

 for in all the larvae except Helodes the labium lies distinctly behind and outside 

 the ventral head-sclerite , whereas the base of the hypopharynx lies distinctly 

 within and in front of that sclerite (nevertheless the distal part of the hypo- 

 pharynx is closely fused with that of the labium, a distinct suture between the 

 two being visible only in Geotrupes): in Helodes the ventral head-sclerite is ab- 

 sent altogether, a condition which may be due to the great dorso-ventral flatte- 

 ning of the head and all its parts. In Dascillus the close connection of the sub- 

 mentum with the cervical sclerites recalls the condition in Orthoptera, and Sup- 

 ports the view' that those sclerites may belong to the labial segment, 



H. Scott (Cambridge). 



1092) Mangan, J., The presence of Maxillulae in Larvae of Dytiscidae. 

 In:Mem.ManchesterLit.andPhil.Soc.,Bd.56,Heft2,1911— 19l2,Nr.ll,S.l — 6. 

 The author finds structures which he regards as homologous with maxillulae 

 in the larvae of Dyüscus marginalis and of several species of Bybius. In D. mar- 

 ginalis they have the form of simple, well-chitinised processes, situated one on 

 either side at the outer extremity of the duct leading from the base of the man- 

 dible to the niouth-cavity , and forming parts of the ventral wall of that duct. 

 In Ilyhius they are soft, delicate, conical lobes, situated one on either side of 

 the hypopharynx: in this genus the mouth is not so perfectly closed as in Dy- 

 tisctis, and these soft lobes may represent the earlier condition of the more spe- 



22* 



