102 OKDKR I OttOPTKRA. 



slruiifj mill stt'iit, ••«ij-«'«iiill\ tin anterior niu\ \" stiri^r I'iiir* I In tliij;li» nr«* ^l^>ul : they 

 all hiivr a li>".k or ilaw at tin ir cxtrcniitU**. Thr t«r>l nrt- r«tl«-x«Hl mikI Tuttr j<>iii(< «I, ^|•onK} 

 U-iKath, I'.t-Jil Joint ituU-lavnii-, MT«>niI ««viitf, thini ImmiltT nml !>liKlitly hllolietl, r«>urth 

 rlnvali> nnd fiiruikhiHt w itli twn niinuli* rlaws. I.« iiKlh nearly two lim-s. 



'Tlii.i iiivi-t !trctn-< rarly U> huvr uttruclctl tlic utiftitiun uf nitluniliftlA. Lrtuutiiocx 

 cluael> ultserviNl it<> I't-unonn, an<l liiii <>li«(Tvatloii>. ucn- puMishcvl n^t fnr l«ack ns 1C87 ; 

 but to Olivich, however, ure wt- ludcliUHt for the most uccimite himI full account of Its 

 IiaMLh I)lll>ll^)u■<I la \\\v Kiicycloprdir Mrthvdiquf. All MthM-ijut lit writt nt ii]>|x-ar to have 

 \i\sr\l their (Io>rri]>tions on hisi>|)s<-r>'ations. Noinsoct i^ more forniitial'Ie to tnnn than this 

 little i>i"*|, since It attncki* the ]>riiiri]>nl lia^l* of hi* I'ochI ; ami they nn- •Kiinclluies *j nu- 

 men>us in a heaji of irrain, that the y »h>tn>y it altoRetht r, leaving nothhif; hut the rhaff. 

 Afler the M-xes have pairtxl, the female makes a hole in the grain of wheat with her n»- 

 struiu.iind ile|>o>its uu egg. Thes*- holes are not jH-ri>en<Iiculj!r to the ••urfaceof the grains, 

 hut oMifiiie, or even ]>amllel, and arc stop|K-d with a specie*) of gluten of the Nime color 

 as the corn. Oi.ivuu» says there is hut one to each grain : I, however, have rcpfate<lly 

 fiiiuid two, one in each IttU", and tlu-«e lur^ir as jdiimp and well eoiulilioned as llu>«<- who 

 had the ro-kI fortune of a kernel U> thems<'lves. From the «*pi; is hatched in due time a 

 small footles-s urul' (fii;. t), which, during its gn>wth, eats out the entire contents of the 

 grain, and, when liMlged in the grain, is jterfectly sheltere«l fn'in all injuries from the air, 

 becamie its excrements s<rve to ehise thea]K>rture ; s>> tlnre is no use in stirring the grain, 

 as nothing can IncommiKle it. It i*) ver}' white ; has the form of an elongate<l soft worm, 

 and the Ixtly is comj^osed of nine prominent rounded rings : it is marly a line in length, 

 with a yellow Munded head pnivideil with organs (fig. c) pK»per for gnawing the grain. 

 When the lar^a has eaten all the lh>ur, and is airivrd at it"* full griwth, it n-mains in the 

 enveluj-e of the grain, wht-re it is metamorphoM-d into a nuiipli (fig. n), of a «lrar white, 

 ,iud tmnspunnt : the pn)!>osci'* ami anfenmr can nmlilj he distinpuishe<l ; hut it gives no 

 sign of 11A-, except when distur!>«><l, and then hut a -li«ht movement of the alxiomen. 

 Eight or ten days afler, the |>erfect insect eats its way out. In general, that which servw 

 as nutriment t<> insects in their larva state is tniMiiled to the ]>erfect form. To this the 

 calandra is an exception ; for scarcely has it issue<l from its nymph state, than it proceeds 

 to pierce the envelojK' of the grain, to estahlish its«'lf anew therein. I have frtNjuently 

 watched the i»erf«>ct inject fe«-ding ujion the farina of the pniin, having piercol the skin 

 and hiiried the pmlxiscis to the base. It is often foiinil. however, h^lgrd in the interior of 

 the gniin (fiij. r) ; and its Mack cidor <I<k'S n>t annoiune its recent is*uini; fn>m its slate of 

 nymph, oinrr it is of a straw color at the time when it has just left it« sheath : neverthe- 

 h-st we must doubtless Ik'IIcvc that it occn-i""« imi.li 1. « injury in tb'- «' •»• ''> " i" '''"t 

 of the larva. 



'The Cnlandrn has no s<">oner l*med from ii> < m i i"]'e of njTuph. th;iii. iiK. liif n.ij rity 

 (if in^ecN, it !•< in a "tate of pidring for the repnxluction of its «pecles, and thl< net ever 



