FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM AND CEREBRUM. 385 
tary power over its individual muscles; but it could not 
combine their actions for any general movement of the body. 
The reflex movements, such as those of respiration, remained 
unimpaired. When an animal in this state was laid on its 
back, it could not recover its former posture ; but it moved 
its limbs or fluttered its wings, and evidently was not in a 
state of stupor. When placed in the erect position, it stag¬ 
gered and fell like a drunken man ; not, however, without 
making efforts to maintain its balance.—Phrenologists, who 
attribute a different function to the Cerebellum, have attempted 
to put aside these results, on the ground that the severity of 
the operation was alone sufficient to produce them; but (as 
we have already seen, § 465) after a much more severe opera¬ 
tion—the removal of the Cerebral Hemispheres, the Cere¬ 
bellum being left untouched-—the animal could stand, walk, 
fly, maintain its balance, and recover it when disturbed. 
482. The motions of the body in the Invertebrated classes, 
being simple in their nature, and probably all of a reflex 
character (§ 442), do not require a Cerebellum; and we do 
not find in them any nervous mass which clearly represents 
this organ. 
Functions of the Cerebrum.—Intelligence and Will . 
483. From the facts already stated, it is tolerably clear that 
the Cerebrum is the organ by which we reason upon the ideas 
that are excited by sensations,—by which we judge and de¬ 
cide upon our course of action,—and by which we put that 
decision into practice, by issuing a mandate (as it were), which, 
being conveyed by the nervous trunks proceeding from the 
brain to the muscles, excites the latter to contract. It is a 
common,, but entirely erroneous idea, that Reason or Intelli¬ 
gence is peculiar to Man ; and that the actions of the lower 
classes of Animals are entirely due to Instinct.. There can be 
no doubt, however, that reasoning processes exactly resem¬ 
bling those of Man are performed by many Mammals, such 
as the Hog, the Horse, and the Elephant; and it is probable 
that although we are best acquainted with these animals, 
on account of their tendency to associate with Man, there 
are others which have powers yet higher. We must admit 
that an animal reasons, when it profits by experience, and 
obviously adapts its actions to the ends it desires to gain, 
