REMARKS ON INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 13 



lepidopterous cutworm (Agvotis), or girdled by other lepidopterous cater- 

 pillars (cf. fig. 7). 



The smaller roots of the deodar are subject to the attacks of 

 at least one aphid, and probably other trees are infested in this 

 way by this family, whilst the gall-making families also infest the 

 roots. 



Casuarina seedlings are destroyed by the grubs of the rhinoceros beetle 

 {Oryctes, p. 87). 



(b) Damage done to the Stem. — (i) Young Trees. — The stems of young 

 trees are subject to attack in a variety of ways : The young seedling may be 

 destroyed in toto by Orthopterous insects such as locusts (Acridiidae) and 

 crickets {Brachytnipes) ; the green bark and bast may be stripped off them by 

 locusts in the case of Pinus longifolia, and Coleoptera such as Buprestidae 

 {Psiloptcra, p. 199) in the babul, and Cerambycidae [Apriona, p. 374) in the 

 mulberry ; or it may be ringed, as, for example, Poinciana by Xylotrupes 

 (p. 90), deodar by Scolytus deodara (p. 578), and casuarina by Arbela 

 tetraonis. 



The bast may be tunnelled and destroyed by Scolytidae, examples of 

 which are Polygraphus major (p. 501), in the deodar and blue pine; Curcu- 

 lionidae, such as Cryptorhynchus (p. 428), in the Pinus longifolia and Pinus. 

 khasya. 



The bast may be tapped by numerous Aphidae, such as the Black 

 Aphid of the blue pine, the Aphid of the Pinus longifolia, the Chermes 

 and Lachnus of the silver fir, the Chermes of the spruce, and the coccid 

 Monophlebus of the sal, teak, sissu, and other trees. 



(2) Poles. — The stems of poles are subject to attack by many of the 

 insects which infest young trees. Their lower parts are, however, covered 

 by a thicker bark, and this leads to their infestation by species which 

 will not attack younger trees. 



For example, sal poles may have both bast and wood riddled by 

 cerambyx beetles {Hoplocerambyx and ^olesthes), and the bast consumed 

 by Scolytidae {Sphaerotrypes). Teak is tunnelled by the bee hole-borer 

 caterpillar {Duomitus) and the kulsi-borer {Stroniatium, p. 293). 



The bast of deodar poles is riddled by Scolytus major (p. 568) and 

 Scolytus minor (p. 577) ; also by Polygraphus major (Scolytidae). 



(3) Old Stems. — The number of insects which infest the main bole of old 

 trees is very large. 



The sal, in different parts of the country, has to contend against 

 two large species of cerambycid beetles {Hoplocerambyx and /Eolesthes) 

 which riddle the bast and tunnel deep into the hard wood of green trees; 

 other species of the family destroy the bast only. Two or three species, 

 of Sphaerotrypes act in the same manner. 



