COLEOPTERA— CHARACTERS, HABITS, CLASSH^ICATION 59 



in the various coleopterous larvae figured here. In some cases (nearly 

 all Adcphaga) the tarsi are two-clawed. The body occasionally ends in 

 anal cerci. 



No special boring apparatus is present in the grubs, merely a pair of 

 stout mandibles in 

 most instances. The 

 body may have series 

 of tubercles arranged 

 in definite parts on 

 it and breathing 

 spiracles on the sides 

 (cf. Hoplocerambyx 

 larva), and hairs 

 either singly or in 

 tufts. 



The pupa is 

 characteristic, usual- 

 ly white or yellowish- 

 white in colour in 

 tree forms, and is at 

 first a rough carica- 

 ture of the future bee- 

 tle. Its shape varies, 

 as shown in the fig- 

 ures (fig. 31), accord- 

 ing to the future 

 shape of the beetle. 

 When the latter has 

 attained its full de- 

 velopment it remains 

 quiescent in a resting 

 stage whilst its outer 

 hard chitinous parts ^^^- 30.-Coleopterous larvae, a, Scarabaeidae ; /^ Cleridae ; 

 . ^ c, Buprestidae ; a, Elateridae ; e, Cerambycidae : /, bcoly- 



are solidity mg. tidae : g, Curculionidae. 



Characteristics and Habits of the Order. 



The order Coleoptera may be considered to contain collections of 

 insects which are perhaps more injurious to trees than any similar 

 series of insects belonging to the other great orders of the Insecta. 

 Whilst other great orders can show families or series of families containing 

 insect predators or parasitic insects of high economic importance to the 

 forester as assisting him in protecting his forests from pests, the Coleoptera, 

 so far as is at present known, offer few instances of insects beneficial 



