COLEOPTERA— CHARACTERS, HABITS, CLASSIFICATION 6i 



layer of the main stems or larger branches. Examples of such are 

 some Buprestidae, e.g. Sphenoptera in the deodar; several Cerambycidae — 

 Trinophyllum in the deodar, Hoplocerambyx and ^olesthes in the sal ; 

 numerous Scolytidae — Scolytns in the deodar, Polygraphus (p. 501) in 

 the blue pine, long-leaved pine, and Pinns gerardiana, Tomicus (p. 552) 

 in the spruce, blue pine, and long-leaved pine, Sphaerotrypes in the sal 

 (p. 476) and Anogeissiis latifolia, etc. 



The Brenthidae also are to be found, so far as present investigations go, 

 in the bast and outer sapwood, the grubs, who may be semi-predaceous, 

 pupating in the latter. Species 

 of Ceocephalns and Proplithal- 

 mus have been taken in trees 

 in the Dun, Himalaya, and 

 Assam (p. 389).- 



Other Coleoptera confine 

 their attention to the upper 

 part of the crown, where they 

 are not particularly harmful 

 in old trees. 



Man}' beetles found, how- 

 ever, in this position also infest 

 young growth, and they may 

 then prove serious pests. In- 

 stances are to be found in the 

 case of a species of Polygraphus 

 infesting the deodar and blue 

 pine ; Scolytns in the deodar ; 

 Pityogenes in the deodar, blue 

 pine, spruce, and Pinns ge- 

 rardiana (p. 562); Apriona 

 (p. 374) in the mulberry and 

 the buprestid Psiloptera (p. igg) 

 in the Acacia arabica ; and in the Cryptorhynchus\n{e?,tmgih.e Pinns longifolia 

 (p. 428) and the Pinns khasya, etc. 



Others, again, destroy young seedlings. The grubs of the rhinoceros 

 beetle Oryctes (p. 87) destroy young casuarina plants in this manner, whilst 

 cryptomeria seedlings are destroyed by a species of Lachnosterna (p. 80), 

 and deodar seedlings by species of Melolontha (p. 82) and Elater (p. 230). 

 A species of scolytid, Dianierus (p. 472), kills young Ficns elastica seedlings 

 by girdling them. 



Damage is done to the leading shoots by the girdling propensities of 

 some beetles, such as the deodar girdler Scolytns deodara (p, 57S) and 

 Xylotrupes (p. go), which girdles young Poinciana trees in Burma. 



Other beetles defoliate the tree, either feeding directly on the leaf as 

 some Chrysomelidae {Podontia, p. 258) and Curculionidae (p. 405), or twisting 



Fig. 31. — Coleopterous pupae, a, Bostrychidae ; 

 l>, Buprestidae ; c, Cerambycidae ; </, Scolytidae ; 

 e, Curculionidae. 



