FAMILY CEKAMBYCIDAK 381 



that. This is not invariably the case, as at times the hirval gallery 

 is entirely confined to the main stem. I'rom this it is evident that the 

 eggs are laid by the beetle on the bark of either a branch somewhere close 

 to the main stem or on the main stem itself. These observations are 

 the result of an examination of a number of trees and saplings, some of 

 which were entirely cut up for inspection purposes. The tunnel is tightly 

 packed with the digested wood particles which are passed out by the larva 

 as it proceeds down the stem. These galleries are chiefly confined to 

 the heart-wood of the tree, both in the branch and main stem, and the 

 grub always bores downwards. 



Before changing to the pupal state the larva enlarges the gallery 

 slightly, and fills the extreme end with particles of wood refuse and chips. 

 It then turns round in the free space and changes into a pupa. The beetle 

 on maturing bores its way out of the tree by a horizontal hole driven direct 

 through the heart-wood, sapwood, and bark to the outside. The position 

 of this exit-gallery with reference to the larval gallery inside makes it 

 evident that the larva turns round in the pupating chamber before changing 

 to the pupal stage. Whilst boring its gallery the larva may eat out one or 

 two offset galleries to the outside. These are always at right angles to the 

 main gallery and are for aeration purposes only. When the larval gallery 

 is confined to the main stem there will usually be only one of these. If 

 the gallery has started in a branch there will often be two. The insect 

 would appear to confine itself to saplings and young poles. 



Between Dhimbun and Kollegal a number of trees and saplings were 

 found to be attacked. The following is a description of a badly infested 

 one which, together with others, was entirely cut up. It is quoted as 

 indicative of what this borer is capable. 



The tree had a diameter ot 2i in. at the base and a bole of 15 ft. to the point where 

 the crown commenced. This bole had been attacked in several places, the last gallery running 

 down to within three feet of the base of the tree. Both new and old galleries were visible 

 upon splitting up the stem. These were as follows, beginning at the lowest one : — 



ij/ — Neu' Gallery. — Contained a living grub just about to pupate in the heart of the 

 stem. Ciallery about 18 in. in length bored downwards and confined to the stem 

 only. Gallery slightly winding. 



2iid — Old Gallery. — The eggs were probably laid upon the bark of a side branch. The 

 gallery commenced in this. The young larva on hatching out had bored straight to 

 the heart of the branch and then bored down its centre till it reached the main 

 stem, down the heart-wood of which it carried its tunnel. Length of gallery in main 

 stem, 7 in. The larva had pupated at the end of the gallery, the extreme end of it 

 being packed with wood chips. The rest of the gallery, with the exception of the 

 pupal chamber, was blocked with a dark red hard mass (the heart-wood is reddish) 

 consisting of chewed wood. A large hole starting at one side near the upper end of 

 the pupal chamber was bored horizontally through the wood to the outside. This 

 exit-hole was very visible on the outside of the stem. 



2)''d — Old Gallerv. — This one also commenced in a side branch, the larva working down 

 the branch into the main stem and then down the centre of this latter, finishing up 



