FAMILY CURCULIONIDAE 431 



tions in the \ear, but that these generations overlap very greatly, thus giving 

 rise to the appearance of there being an ahnost continuous succession of 

 larvae and pupae in the trees throughout the year. An examination of 

 infested trees at the commencement of the winter (about the middle of 

 November) will show that almost mature and immature beetles are present 

 in the pupal cradles, and that these pass through the winter in this position. 

 The larvae in the trees which have not as yet pupated will j:)robabl}- all 

 pupate before the severe cold commences, so that the winter is probably 

 chiefly passed in the pupal or mature-beetle condition. We have no data 

 at present as to when this insect commences work at the beginning of the 

 season, but it would probably be some time in April at the latest, the pupae 

 maturing and the mature beetles egg-laying some time during this month. 

 Observations carried out by myself in 1908 in Kumaun have shown that a 

 generation of beetles matures and issues about the first week in June, and 

 probably lays eggs about the middle of that month. The larvae from 

 these eggs have been found to give rise to the full-grown larvae, pupae, 

 and immature beetles reported by Mr. Mihvard as infesting trees in the 

 Almora plantations at the beginning of September, the generation of beetles 

 maturing about the middle of September and laying eggs towards the latter 

 part of that month. The larvae arising from these eggs were found half- 

 grow-n in the middle of October in the trees examined by myself in Jaunsar 

 in igo6, and this forms the over-wintering generation of the insect. We thus 

 have three generations, in which the mature-beetle (i.e. egg) and pupal stages 

 are from a week to a fortnight in duration, whilst the larval stage (that is, the 

 period during which the chief damage is done to the tree) lasts roughly from 

 six to eight weeks. The hibernation probably lasts for some four months, 

 from December to the end of March. Of course elevation and severe 

 or mild winters will greatly modify the duration of this period, and conse- 

 quently the date of appearance of the various generations, which, du resfe, 

 necessarily overlap ownng to the insect commencing the year in both the 

 pupal and perfect-insect stages : the eggs laid by the latter as soon as the 

 weather is favourable thus having the start over the ones laid by the beetles 

 which have first to mature from the pupal stage through which the winter 

 has been passed. 



In December igoi Mr. G. R. Long, LF.S., forwarded me a consignment 

 of larvae, pupae, and imagoes of this wee\'il, with the 

 Life History information that they were infesting an experimental 



'" and A^ssam"^^ plantation of Pinus khasya at Maymyo, Upper Burma. 

 Mr. D. A. Allan, Forest Ranger, had drawn his atten- 

 tion to the attacks. In February 1905 I had an opportunity of visiting 

 the plantation in question and of inspecting other planted trees in the 

 station. At this period I also found the insect in all stages in the trees. The 

 following year I found the beetle in large numbers in PtJiiis khasya trees in 

 Shillong in Assam towards the end of April, but discovered no larvae or 

 pupae. 



